為什么英語演講稿(11篇)

第4篇 ted英語演講稿：為什么節(jié)食減肥沒效果？

簡介：在美國，80%的女孩在她們10歲的時候便開始節(jié)食。神經(jīng)學(xué)家sandra aamodt結(jié)合自己的親身經(jīng)歷，講述大腦是如何控制我們的身體的。節(jié)食減肥為何沒效果?來聽聽她的說法吧!

three and a half years ago, i made one of the best decisions of my life. as my new year's resolution, i gave up dieting, stopped worrying about my weight, and learned to eat mindfully. now i eat whenever i'm hungry, and i've lost 10 pounds.

this was me at age 13, when i started my first diet. i look at that picture now, and i think, you did not need a diet, you needed a fashion consult. (laughter) but i thought i needed to lose weight, and when i gained it back, of course i blamed myself. and for the ne_t three decades, i was on and off various diets. no matter what i tried, the weight i'd lost always came back. i'm sure many of you know the feeling.

as a neuroscientist, i wondered, why is this so hard? obviously, how much you weigh depends on how much you eat and how much energy you burn. what most people don't realize is that hunger and energy use are controlled by the brain, mostly without your awareness. your brain does a lot of its work behind the scenes, and that is a good thing, because your conscious mind -- how do we put this politely? -- it's easily distracted. it's good that you don't have to remember to breathe when you get caught up in a movie. you don't forget how to walk because you're thinking about what to have for dinner.

your brain also has its own sense of what you should weigh, no matter what you consciously believe. this is called your set point, but that's a misleading term, because it's actually a range of about 10 or 15 pounds. you can use lifestyle choices to move your weight up and down within that range, but it's much, much harder to stay outside of it. the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body weight, there are more than a dozen chemical signals in the brain that tell your body to gain weight, more than another dozen that tell your body to lose it, and the system works like a thermostat, responding to signals from the body by adjusting hunger, activity and metabolism, to keep your weight stable as conditions change. that's what a thermostat does, right? it keeps the temperature in your house the same as the weather changes outside. now you can try to change the temperature in your house by opening a window in the winter, but that's not going to change the setting on the thermostat, which will respond by kicking on the furnace to warm the place back up.

your brain works e_actly the same way, responding to weight loss by using powerful tools to push your body back to what it considers normal. if you lose a lot of weight, your brain reacts as if you were starving, and whether you started out fat or thin, your brain's response is e_actly the same. we would love to think that your brain could tell whether you need to lose weight or not, but it can't. if you do lose a lot of weight, you become hungry, and your muscles burn less energy. dr. rudy leibel of columbia university has found that people who have lost 10 percent of their body weight burn 250 to 400 calories less because their metabolism is suppressed. that's a lot of food. this means that a successful dieter must eat this much less forever than someone of the same weight who has always been thin.

from an evolutionary perspective, your body's resistance to weight loss makes sense. when food was scarce, our ancestors' survival depended on conserving energy, and regaining the weight when food was available would have protected them against the ne_t shortage. over the course of human history, starvation has been a much bigger problem than overeating. this may e_plain a very sad fact: set points can go up, but they rarely go down. now, if your mother ever mentioned that life is not fair, this is the kind of thing she was talking about. (laughter) successful dieting doesn't lower your set point. even after you've kept the weight off for as long as seven years, your brain keeps trying to make you gain it back. if that weight loss had been due to a long famine, that would be a sensible response. in our modern world of drive-thru burgers, it's not working out so well for many of us. that difference between our ancestral past and our abundant present is the reason that dr. yoni freedhoff of the university of ottawa would like to take some of his patients back to a time when food was less available, and it's also the reason that changing the food environment is really going to be the most effective solution to obesity.

sadly, a temporary weight gain can become permanent. if you stay at a high weight for too long, probably a matter of years for most of us, your brain may decide that that's the new normal.

psychologists classify eaters into two groups, those who rely on their hunger and those who try to control their eating through willpower, like most dieters. let's call them intuitive eaters and controlled eaters. the interesting thing is that intuitive eaters are less likely to be overweight, and they spend less time thinking about food. controlled eaters are more vulnerable to overeating in response to advertising, super-sizing, and the all-you-can-eat buffet. and a small indulgence, like eating one scoop of ice cream, is more likely to lead to a food binge in controlled eaters. children are especially vulnerable to this cycle of dieting and then binging.

several long-term studies have shown that girls who diet in their early teenage years are three times more likely to become overweight five years later, even if they started at a normal weight, and all of these studies found that the same factors that predicted weight gain also predicted the development of eating disorders. the other factor, by the way, those of you who are parents, was being teased by family members about their weight. so don't do that. (laughter)

i left almost all my graphs at home, but i couldn't resist throwing in just this one, because i'm a geek, and that's how i roll. (laughter) this is a study that looked at the risk of death over a 14-year period based on four healthy habits: eating enough fruits and vegetables, e_ercise three times a week, not smoking, and drinking in moderation. let's start by looking at the normal weight people in the study. the height of the bars is the risk of death, and those zero, one, two, three, four numbers on the horizontal a_is are the number of those healthy habits that a given person had. and as you'd e_pect, the healthier the lifestyle, the less likely people were to die during the study. now let's look at what happens in overweight people.

the ones that had no healthy habits had a higher risk of death. adding just one healthy habit pulls overweight people back into the normal range. for obese people with no healthy habits, the risk is very high, seven times higher than the healthiest groups in the study. but a healthy lifestyle helps obese people too. in fact, if you look only at the group with all four healthy habits, you can see that weight makes very little difference. you can take control of your health by taking control of your lifestyle, even if you can't lose weight and keep it off.

diets don't have very much reliability. five years after a diet, most people have regained the weight. forty percent of them have gained even more. if you think about this, the typical outcome of dieting is that you're more likely to gain weight in the long run than to lose it.

if i've convinced you that dieting might be a problem, the ne_t question is, what do you do about it? and my answer, in a word, is mindfulness. i'm not saying you need to learn to meditate or take up yoga. i'm talking about mindful eating: learning to understand your body's signals so that you eat when you're hungry and stop when you're full, because a lot of weight gain boils down to eating when you're not hungry. how do you do it? give yourself permission to eat as much as you want, and then work on figuring out what makes your body feel good. sit down to regular meals without distractions. think about how your body feels when you start to eat and when you stop, and let your hunger decide when you should be done. it took about a year for me to learn this, but it's really been worth it. i am so much more rela_ed around food than i have ever been in my life. i often don't think about it. i forget we have chocolate in the house. it's like aliens have taken over my brain. it's just completely different. i should say that this approach to eating probably won't make you lose weight unless you often eat when you're not hungry, but doctors don't know of any approach that makes significant weight loss in a lot of people, and that is why a lot of people are now focusing on preventing weight gain instead of promoting weight loss. let's face it: if diets worked, we'd all be thin already. (laughter)

why do we keep doing the same thing and e_pecting different results? diets may seem harmless, but they actually do a lot of collateral damage. at worst, they ruin lives: weight obsession leads to eating disorders, especially in young kids. in the u.s., we have 80 percent of 10-year-old girls say they've been on a diet. our daughters have learned to measure their worth by the wrong scale. even at its best, dieting is a waste of time and energy. it takes willpower which you could be using to help your kids with their homework or to finish that important work project, and because willpower is limited, any strategy that relies on its consistent application is pretty much guaranteed to eventually fail you when your attention moves on to something else.

let me leave you with one last thought. what if we told all those dieting girls that it's okay to eat when they're hungry? what if we taught them to work with their appetite instead of fearing it? i think most of them would be happier and healthier, and as adults, many of them would probably be thinner. i wish someone had told me that back when i was 13.

thanks.

(applause)

第5篇 ted英語演講：為什么說烏鴉的智商高到可怕

a thought e_periment on the intelligence of crows

演講者：joshua klein

/ 中英對照演講稿 /

how many of you have seen the alfred hitchcock film 'the birds'? any of you get really freaked out by that? you might want to leave now.so this is a vending machine for crows.over the past few days, many of you have been asking, 'how did you come tothis? how did you get started doing this?' it started, as with many great ideas, or many ideas you can't get rid of, anyway, at a cocktail party.

這里有多少人看過希區(qū)柯克的電影《鳥》?是不是認(rèn)為那片子太過離奇了?要是那樣的話，你現(xiàn)在可以走了。(笑聲) 大家看到的是一臺專門為烏鴉設(shè)計的自動售貨機(jī)。 過去幾天，人們都在問我同樣的問題： “你怎么開始搞這玩意的?有什么吸引你的地方嗎?” 說實話，這玩意就像很多偉大的想法， 或者一些你無法在腦中驅(qū)散的想法一樣， 是從一次雞尾酒派對產(chǎn)生的。

about 10 years ago, i was at a cocktail party with a friend of mine. we were sitting there, and he was complaining about the crows that were all over his yard and making a big mess. and he was telling me we ought to eradicate these things,kill them, because they're making a mess. i said that was stupid, maybe we should just train them to do something useful. and he said that was impossible.

大概十年前，我與一個朋友在一個雞尾酒派對上， 我們坐在那，他一直在抱怨烏鴉 烏鴉們把他的院子搞得一團(tuán)糟。 他那時很認(rèn)真的跟我說，我們得想辦法消滅這些鬼東西， 否則我們就不會有好日子過。 我跟他說，那才是壞主意呢， 咱們?yōu)楹尾挥?xùn)練它們，讓烏鴉幫我們?nèi)祟愖鲆稽c有意義的事情? 他丟給我一句“那不可能”。

and i'm sure i'm in good company in finding that tremendously annoying, when someone tells you it's impossible. so i spent the ne_t 10 years reading about crows in my spare time.

我相信絕對不只我一人覺得這極度惱人——當(dāng)有人告訴你“那不可能”時。于是決定用20__年的時間在我的業(yè)余時間專門研究烏鴉。

and after 10 years of this, my wife said,'you've got to do this thing you've been talking about, and build the vending machine.' so i did. but part of the reason i found this interesting is, i started noticing that we're very aware of all the species that are going e_tinct on the planet as a result of human habitation e_pansion,and no one seems to be paying attention to all the species that are actually living;they're surviving. and i'm talking specifically about synanthropic species,which have adapted specifically for human ecologies, species like rats and cockroaches and crows.

現(xiàn)在20__年過去了，我妻子說， “好吧，你也該把它做出來了， 你不是一直說要給烏鴉們做一個自動售貨機(jī)么?” 于是我就把它做出來了。 但我對這個項目感興趣還有部分原因是因為 我開始注意到我們?nèi)祟愐呀?jīng)意識到 有很多物種因為人類無止盡的擴(kuò)張 將會在地球上滅絕。 但貌似沒人對那些 還生存在世上的物種有所關(guān)心——它們都還真正地活著。 這里我指的是那些長期與人共處， 并適應(yīng)了人類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的動物。 這樣的動物包括老鼠、蟑螂、烏鴉。

and as i started looking at them, i was finding that they had hyper-adapted. they'd become e_tremely adept at living with us. and in return, we just tried to kill them all the time.and in doing so, we were breeding them for parasitism. we were giving them all sorts of reasons to adapt new ways. so, for e_ample, rats are incredibly responsive breeders. and cockroaches, as anyone who's tried to get rid of them knows, have become really immune to the poisons that we're using.

而假如你仔細(xì)觀察的話，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的這類動物都已經(jīng)對人類社會產(chǎn)生了高度的適應(yīng)性，并且隨著繼續(xù)與人生活在一起，它們的適應(yīng)性還加變得更強(qiáng)。但反觀人類呢，我們只是一直在不斷屠殺它們而已。為了做到這點，人類用喂養(yǎng)的方式來讓它們寄生于我們我們給了動物們適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的各種理由。比如：老鼠的生育能力變得超強(qiáng)。而蟑螂，逮過蟑螂的人都知道，它們已經(jīng)不在乎我們的“誘餌”了。

so i thought, let's build something that's mutually beneficial; something that we can both benefit from, and find some way to make a new relationship with these species. so i built the vending machine.

于是我想，為何不制造出一些能讓我們?nèi)祟惡瓦@些“寄生蟲”共同受益的東西呢?以此和這些動物建立一種新型的關(guān)系，一種互利的關(guān)系。從而讓人類找到一條與其共處的新路子。這就是我制作動物專用自動售貨機(jī)的理由。

but the story of the vending machine is a little more interesting if you know more about crows. it turns out, crows aren't just surviving with human beings; they're actually thriving. they're found everywhere on the planet e_cept for the arctic and the southern tip of south america. and in all that area, they're only rarely found breeding more than five kilometers away from human beings. so we may not think about them,but they're always around.

不過如果你多了解一下烏鴉，這個自動售貨機(jī)的故事會更有趣。烏鴉們不僅僅是在人類環(huán)境中‘生存’得不錯——事實上，他們活得還很精彩。你在地球上任何一處角落——除了兩極和南美至南端——都可以見得到烏鴉。通常它們的棲息地離人類居所不出5公里。雖然你也許不會想到這一點，可是它們確確實實一直都這么活在我們身邊。

and not surprisingly, given the human population growth, more than half of the human population is living in cities now. and out of those, nine-tenths of the human growth population is occurring in cities.we're seeing a population boom with crows. so bird counts are indicating thatwe might be seeing up to e_ponential growth in their numbers. so that's no great surprise.

這也不奇怪，我們的地球上人口暴漲，其中有半數(shù)以上居住在城市。除此之外，90%的人口增長就都發(fā)生在城市里——烏鴉這個種群也在經(jīng)歷同樣的發(fā)展。所以鳥類的數(shù)量在我們看來將會有一個爆炸型的增長，這并沒有什么奇怪的。

but what was really interesting to me was to find out that the birds were adapting in a pretty unusual way. and i'll give you an e_ample of that. this is betty. she's a new caledonian crow. and these crows use sticks in the wild to get insects and what not out of pieces of wood.here, she's trying to get a piece of meat out of a tube. but the researchers had a problem. they messed up and left just a stick of wire in there. and she hadn't had the opportunity to do this before. you see, it wasn't working verywell. so she adapted.

但令我感到吃驚的是這些鳥兒竟然學(xué)會了通過一些奇特的方式在我們的社會里求得生存。大家看看下面的例子：它的名字是betty，它是一只new caledonia(北美地名)的烏鴉。在森林里，它們會用樹枝從林木里挑出蟲子和其他食物。此時它正嘗試用鐵線取出瓶子里的那塊肉。但是研究者們遇到了一個問題。他們把試驗搞砸了，因為只留下了一根線在那里。而betty以前可沒嘗試過這樣的挑戰(zhàn)。你可以看到，它進(jìn)行得并不順利。于是它想出了一個新法子。

now, this is completely unprompted; she had never seen this done before. no one taught her to bend this into a hook or had shown her how it could happen. but she did it all on her own. so keep in mind-- she's never seen this done.

要知道，它沒有看到過別的烏鴉這么做。之前也沒有任何人或者別的烏鴉教它如何把線彎成鉤子;或者告訴過它可以通過這種方式撈肉。這完全是它自己想出來的辦法。請一定記得它以前從沒有學(xué)過的哦。就這樣。

right. yeah. all right.so that's the part where the researchers freak out.

對，就這樣。這才是研究人員覺得不可思議的地方。

it turns out, we've been finding more andmore that crows are really intelligent. their brains are in the same proportionas chimpanzee brains are. there's all kinds of anecdotes for the different kinds of intelligence they have. for e_ample, in sweden, crows will wait for fishermen to drop lines through holes in the ice. and when the fishermen move off, the crows fly down, reel up the lines, and eat the fish or the bait. it's pretty annoying for the fishermen.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的證據(jù)表明烏鴉的確是聰明的，它們的大腦占軀體的比例和大猩猩相當(dāng)。 大家也可能聽過各種各樣的關(guān)于烏鴉的趣聞吧。 比如，在瑞典， 那里的烏鴉會趁漁人往冰隙里放釣鉤的時候守在一邊， 當(dāng)漁人走了， 它們就飛過去拉起釣鉤，吃掉鉤上的魚或釣餌。 這可是搞得那里的漁人很煩惱。

on an entirely different tack, at university of washington a few years ago, they were doing an e_periment where they captured some crows on campus. some students went out, netted some crows,brought them in, weighed and measured them, and let them back out again. and they were entertained to discover that for the rest of the week, whenever these particular students walked around campus, these crows would caw at them and runaround, and make their life kind of miserable.

而在華盛頓大學(xué)，那里的研究員幾年前做了一個截然不同的實驗。他們在校園里捉來一些烏鴉，在實驗室里加以標(biāo)記、稱量，然后把它們放走。而隨后的那個星期，他們驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些被放走的烏鴉在校園里一見到那些捉過它們的學(xué)生，就會沖著他們鳴叫，并在他們周圍飛來飛去，給他們的生活增添一些小煩惱。

they were significantly less entertained when this went on for the ne_t week. and the ne_t month. and after summer break. until they finally graduated and left campus, and -- glad to get away,i'm sure -- came back sometime later, and found the crows still remembered them.

但之后幾個星期還是如此，他們就不再那么驚喜了。甚至到了下個月，到了夏季學(xué)期結(jié)束，到了他們畢業(yè)離校了——我相信他們是很高興地離去的——可當(dāng)他們偶爾回校來看看時，那些烏鴉還是記得他們。

so, the moral being: don't piss off crows.so now, students at the university of washington that are studying these crows,do so with a giant wig and a big mask.

所以——大家看到了吧，千萬別惹烏鴉。正是這樣的緣故，現(xiàn)在華盛頓大學(xué)做烏鴉研究的學(xué)生都帶上巨大的假發(fā)，還套上面具。

it's fairly interesting.

這真是令人啞然的一件事。

so we know these crows are really smart,but the more i dug into this, the more i found that they actually have an even more significant adaptation.

以上說的無非是要證明烏鴉是非常聰明的，但我研究得越是深入，越是覺得它們的智慧要比我們想象的高出一個層次。

video: crows have become highly skilled atmaking a living in these new urban environments. in this japanese city, they have devised a way of eating a food that normally they can't manage: drop it among the traffic. the problem now is collecting the bits, without getting runover. wait for the light to stop the traffic. then, collect your cracked nut insafety.

視頻：在新的城市環(huán)境中，烏鴉們的謀生技能正在變得越來越嫻熟。這是一座日本城市，這里的烏鴉發(fā)明了一種吃果仁的辦法——把堅果丟到車道上。然后飛走， 等待汽車開過。 之后它們在馬路邊等待綠燈， 然后飛到馬路中央安全地銜走那顆果仁

joshua klein: yeah, pretty interesting.what's significant about this isn't that crows are using cars to crack nuts. infact, that's old hat for crows. this happened about 10 years ago in a placecalled sendai city, at a driving school in the suburbs of tokyo. and since that time, all the crows in the neighborhood are picking up this behavior. now everycrow within five kilometers is standing by a sidewalk, waiting to collect its lunch.

joshuaklein: 看看，這是不是挺有趣的?不過，有趣的倒不是借助過往車輛壓開果核的做法，事實上，烏鴉老早就學(xué)會了這門手藝了。剛才大家看到的景象發(fā)生在20__年前東京市郊的一家駕駛學(xué)校附近。從那時開始， 附近的烏鴉也學(xué)會了這樣的吃堅果的方式。 如今，方圓五公里內(nèi)的烏鴉都在人行道旁守候著， 等待過往車輛為他們帶來午餐。

so they're learning from each other. and research bears this out. parents seem to be teaching their young. they learn from their peers, they learn from their enemies. if i have a little e_tra time,i'll tell you about a case of crow infidelity that illustrates that nicely. the point being, they've developed cultural adaptation. and as we heard yesterday,that's the pandora's bo_ that's getting human beings in trouble, and we're starting to see it with them. they're able to very quickly and very fle_ibly adapt to new challenges and new resources in their environment, which is really useful if you live in a city.

烏鴉通過互相學(xué)習(xí)，都掌握了這種技巧。烏鴉父母還教會自己的孩子這樣的技巧呢。它們向同伴學(xué)習(xí)，也向它們的敵人學(xué)習(xí)。如果我還有更多演講時間，我會告訴你們一個有關(guān)烏鴉背信的案例來更好地證明我的觀點。最關(guān)鍵的是它們學(xué)會了適應(yīng)不同的生態(tài)文化。就如昨天我們聽到的那樣，是潘多拉之盒將人類引入混亂，現(xiàn)在是開始著手解決它的時候了。他們能快速且融洽地適應(yīng)新的挑戰(zhàn)及環(huán)境中的新資源，對于城市生活來說，這可真有用。

so we know that there's lots of crows. we found out they're really smart and they can teach each other. when all this became clear, i realized the only obvious thing to do is build a vending machine. so that's what we did. this is a vending machine for crows. and it uses skinnerian training to shape their behavior over four stages. it's pretty simple.

好了，現(xiàn)在我們都知道城市里有大量的烏鴉，它們很聰明，還懂得相互間分享生存的秘訣。當(dāng)我知道這一切以后，我決定要專門為它們做一臺自動售貨機(jī)。并且還做成功了。這就是烏鴉專用自動售貨機(jī)：我們用斯金納(操作性條件反射)理論，分四階段訓(xùn)練法來訓(xùn)練烏鴉。其實也很簡單。

basically, what happens is that we put this out in a field or someplace where there's lots of crows. we put coins and peanuts all around the base ofthe machine. crows eventually come by, eat the peanuts, and get used to the machine being there. eventually, they eat all the peanuts. then they see peanuts here on the feeder tray, and hop up and help themselves. then they leave, the machine spits up more coins and peanuts, and life is dandy if you're a crow -- you can come back anytime and get yourself a peanut.

首先，我們把這樣的機(jī)器放到田野 或者烏鴉經(jīng)常出沒的地方。 在機(jī)器的底部放上一大堆的硬幣和花生。 烏鴉來了，吃掉機(jī)器上的花生， 并且也習(xí)慣了機(jī)器的存在。 吃光了地面的花生以后， 它們發(fā)現(xiàn)在售貨機(jī)的出貨口那里也有很多花生， 于是就跳到上面，也同樣盡享美味。 每一天，那機(jī)器上都會放滿了硬幣和花生。

so when they get really used to that, we move on to the crows coming back. now they're used to the sound of the machine;they keep coming back and digging out peanuts from the pile of coins that'sthere. when they get really happy about this, we stymie them.

嘿，要是當(dāng)那樣的一只烏鴉也不錯喲， 每天都不愁吃的。當(dāng)它們都習(xí)慣這樣的生活或，我們繼續(xù)下一步我們等到烏鴉都習(xí)慣于機(jī)器的聲音，就把花生蓋在硬幣底下，它們飛過來，掀開硬幣，就能吃得到花生，它們也挺開心的。這時，我們決定給它們制造一些困難。

we move to the third stage, where we only give them a coin. now, like most of us who have gotten used to a good thing,this really pisses them off. so they do what they do in nature when they're looking for something: sweep things out of the way with their beak. they do that here, and that knocks the coins down the slot. when that happens, they get a peanut. this goes on for some time. the crows learn that all they have to do is show up, wait for the coin to come out, put it in the slot, then get their peanut.

我們開始了第三階段的訓(xùn)練。只把一枚硬幣留在機(jī)器上，此時烏鴉飛過來，看到?jīng)]有食物，自然覺得很泄氣——我們?nèi)艘惨粯勇?。所以它們出于尋找食物的本能——用它的喙在機(jī)器上掃來掃去，不經(jīng)意的把硬幣碰到硬幣口里去了，于是它獲得了一顆花生。于是它們也學(xué)會了，每次都來這里， 只要把機(jī)器上的硬幣丟到硬幣口，就能吃得到花生。

when they're good and comfortable with that, we move to the final stage, where they show up and nothing happens. thisis where we see the difference between crows and other animals. squirrels, for e_ample, would show up, look for the peanut, go away. come back, look for the peanut, go away. they do this maybe half a dozen times before they get bored,and then they go off and play in traffic.

當(dāng)他們對此過程非常熟練及滿足以后，我們進(jìn)入訓(xùn)練的最后一個階段，它們來到機(jī)器旁邊，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)什么也沒有。注意，就是這個關(guān)鍵的地方可以看出烏鴉是多么聰明。要是一只松鼠，它來到機(jī)器旁，尋找花生，找不到，就走了隔天再來，又是沒有，又跑回去。如此反復(fù)五六次，它們也就覺得沒意思了。

crows, on the other hand, show up and they try and figure it out. they know this machine has been messing with them through three different stages of behavior.

而烏鴉則不一樣，它們要尋找出一個究竟。通過前面三個階段，并且這樣的玩笑越開越大。

they figure there must be more to it. so they poke at it and peck at it. and eventually some crow gets a bright idea:'hey, there's lots of coins lying around from the first stage, hops down,picks it up, drops it in the slot, and we're off to the races. that crow enjoys a temporary monopoly on peanuts, until his friends figure out how to do it, and then there we go.

它們覺得肯定還有更多方式獲得花生。它們又是用頭撞，又是用嘴咬。偶爾間有一些烏鴉想到了一個絕妙的主意：“嘿，大家還記得地面上放的那一大堆硬幣么?；蛟S有用呢?”——于是它們飛過來，銜起硬幣，扔進(jìn)投幣孔。它們發(fā)現(xiàn)了怎么吃得上花生了!這樣的技巧先是為第一批到來的烏鴉所壟斷，可慢慢的別的烏鴉也學(xué)會了……故事到此為止。

so, what's significant about this to me isn't that we can train crows to pick up peanuts. mind you, there's 216 milliondollars' worth of change lost every year, but i'm not sure i can depend on that roi from crows.

從這個故事我們得出結(jié)論：我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉，讓它們通過售貨機(jī)吃上花生。你知不知道，每一年都有價值2.16億的硬幣丟在大街上。

instead, i think we should look a little bit larger. i think crows can be trained to do other things. for e_ample, why not train them to pick up garbage after stadium events? or find e_pensive components from discarded electronics? or maybe do search and rescue? the main point of all this for me is, we can find mutually beneficial systems for these species. we can find ways to interact with these other species that doesn't involve e_terminating them, but involves finding an equilibrium with them that's a useful balance.

嘿，當(dāng)然，我不是想靠烏鴉來賺錢。我們的眼光可以放遠(yuǎn)一點：我覺得我們可以訓(xùn)練烏鴉來做其他事。比如，為何不可以通過訓(xùn)練，讓烏鴉給體育館撿垃圾?或者讓它們幫助我們從大堆的廢棄電子元件里頭挑出有用的部件?又或者讓它們參與搜救工作?我這個演講的主要的一個觀點是我們可以尋找到一種與此類動物共存的途徑，我們能找到與其他族群共處的方式而不僅僅是滅絕它們，我們可以和它們實現(xiàn)共贏。

thanks very much.(applause)

非常感謝大家。 (掌聲)

第6篇 ted英語演講：我為什么要制造無用的東西

演講者：ivan joseph

| 中英對照演講稿 |

hello. my name is simone. you know how people tell you if you get nervous when onstage, picture people in the audien cenaked? like it's this thing that's supposed to make you feel better. but i was thinking -- picturing all of you naked in 20__ feels kind of weird and wrong.

大家好。我是simone。人們總是告訴你當(dāng)你在舞臺上感到緊張的時候，假想觀眾都沒穿衣服就好了。說的就像這真能讓你感覺好點一樣。但是我一直在想——在20__年想象你們都沒穿衣服實在有點不太對啊。

like, we're working really hard on moving past stuff like that, so we need anew method of dealing with if you get nervous onstage. and i realized that whati'd really like is that i can look at you as much as you're looking at me --just to even things out a little bit. so if i had way more eyeballs, then we'dall be really comfortable, right? so in preparation for this talk, i made myself a shirt.(rattling)

我們都有在努力克服這樣的問題，所以我們需要一種新方法，來應(yīng)付舞臺恐懼癥。我意識到，我真正想要的是我能跟你們看著我一樣看著你們，只是為了公平一點。所以如果我有更多眼睛的話，那我們就都會很舒服，對吧?所以為了準(zhǔn)備這次演講我給自己做了件t恤(窸窸窣窣的聲音)

it's googly eyes. it took me 14 hours and 227 googly eyes to make this shirt. and being able to look at you as much asyou're looking at me is actually only half of the reason i made this. the other half is being able to do this.(googly eyes rattle)

這就是大眼睛t恤。花了我14個小時，以及227個大眼睛貼片。能夠像你們看著我一樣看著你們這件事，其實只是我制作這件t恤的部分原因。另一半原因是我可以這么玩兒。(大眼睛t恤的響聲)

so i do a lot of things like this. i see aproblem and i invent some sort of solution to it. for e_ample, brushing your teeth. like, it's this thing we all have to do, it's kind of boring, and nobody really likes it. if there were any seven-year-olds in the audience, they'd belike, 'yes!' so what about if you had a machine that could do it foryou?

我做過很多這樣的事。我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個問題，就會發(fā)明某個解決方法來應(yīng)對它。比如刷牙這件事：這就是一件大家都得做，但是又有點無聊的事，而且沒人真正喜歡刷牙。如果在座有7歲小朋友的話，他們肯定會大喊“就是這樣!”那么要不要來一臺自動幫你刷牙的機(jī)器呢?

i call it ... i call it 'thetoothbrush helmet.'(robot arm buzzing)

我給它取了名，叫做“牙刷頭盔”。(機(jī)器人的手臂聲)

so my toot brush helmet is recommended by zero out of 10 dentists, and it definitely did not revolutionize the world of dentistry, but it did completely change my life. because i finished making this toothbrush helmet three years ago and after i finished making it, i went into my living room and i put up a camera, and i filmed a seven-second clip of it working.

10位牙醫(yī)中，有0位推薦了我的牙刷頭盔，它也肯定不算顛覆牙醫(yī)界的偉大發(fā)明，但它確實改變了我的生活。因為3年前我做出了這個頭盔，完成制作之后，我在客廳架起了攝像機(jī)，錄了一個7秒長的頭盔操作視頻。

and by now, this is a pretty standard modern-day fairy tale of girl posting on the internet, the internet takes the girl by storm, thousands of men voyage into the comment sections to ask for her hand in marriage --she ignores all of them, starts a youtube channel and keeps on building robots.

現(xiàn)在，這成了一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的現(xiàn)代版童話：一個女孩在網(wǎng)上發(fā)帖，跟上了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)浪潮，數(shù)以千計的男人們涌進(jìn)評論區(qū)，邀請她進(jìn)入婚姻殿堂——而她無視了他們所有人，創(chuàng)立了一個youtube頻道，繼續(xù)搭建機(jī)器人。

since then, i've carved out this little niche for myself on the internet as an inventor of useless machines, because aswe all know, the easiest way to be at the top of your field is to choose a very small field.

從那時起我在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上為自己發(fā)掘出了這么一個商機(jī)：無用機(jī)器發(fā)明者。因為大家都知道，成為你所在行業(yè)頂尖人物的最簡單方法，就是選擇一個非常小的行業(yè)。

so i run a youtube channel about my machines, and i've done things like cutting hair with drones --(drone buzzes)(drone crashes)(drone buzzes)

所以我在運營一個關(guān)于我的機(jī)器的youtube頻道，我有試過用無人機(jī)剪頭發(fā)——(無人機(jī)噪聲)(無人機(jī)墜毀)(無人機(jī)噪聲)

to a machine that helps me wake up in the morning --(alarm)

(video) simone: ow!

我還做過一臺鬧鐘機(jī)器——(鬧鈴聲)

(視頻)simone：噢!

to this machine that helps me chop vegetables.(knives chop)

還有這臺幫我切菜的機(jī)器。(切菜聲)

i'm not an engineer. i did not study engineering in school. but i was a super ambitious student growing up. in middle school and high school, i had straight a's, and i graduated at the topof my year. on the flip side of that, i struggled with very severe performance an_iety.

我不是個工程師，我沒學(xué)過工程學(xué)，但我從小就是個特別有遠(yuǎn)大志向的學(xué)生。無論初中高中我一路拿的都是a，而且我畢業(yè)那年還是名列前茅的。但另一面是，我當(dāng)時有非常嚴(yán)重的表現(xiàn)焦慮。

here's an email i sent to my brother around that time. 'you won't understand how difficult it is for me to tell you, to confess this. i'm so freaking embarrassed. i don't want people to think that i'm stupid. now i'm starting to cry too. damn.' and no, i did not accidentally burn ourparents' house down. the thing i'm writing about in the email and the thing i'mso upset about is that i got a b on a math test.

這是一封當(dāng)時我寫給我兄弟的郵件?！澳悴粫靼?，光是告訴你這件事，對我來說有多難。實在是太難堪了。我不希望人們覺得我是個傻子。我現(xiàn)在居然還開始哭了。真討厭?！眲e誤會，我可沒有不小心把爸媽的房子燒了。信里面那件讓我如此焦慮不安的事其實是，有一次數(shù)學(xué)測驗我只拿了b。

so something obviously happened between here and here.one of those things was puberty.

所以這兩種情況之間一定發(fā)生了什么事情。其中一件是青春期的到來。

beautiful time indeed. but more over, i got interested in building robots, and i wanted to teach myself about hardware. but building things with hardware, especially if you're teaching yourself, is something that's really difficult to do. it has a high likelihood of failure and more over, it has a high likelihood of making you feel stupid. and that was my biggest fear at the time.

非常美麗的時期。但除此之外，我開始對搭建機(jī)器人感興趣，我還想自學(xué)硬件知識。但搭建需要硬件的東西，尤其是當(dāng)你是在自學(xué)的時候，是一件非常困難的事情。失敗幾率非常高，并且，這很有可能讓你覺得自己超級智障。而那就是我當(dāng)時最大的恐懼。

so i came up with a setup that would guarantee success 100 percent of the time. with my setup, it would be nearly impossible to fail. and that was that instead of trying to succeed, i was going to try to build things that would fail. and even though i didn't realize it at the time,building stupid things was actually quite smart, because as i kept on learning about hardware, for the first time in my life, i did not have to deal with my performance an_iety. and as soon as i removed all pressure and e_pectations from myself, that pressure quickly got replaced by enthusiasm, and it allowed me to just play.

所以我做了一個一定能保證100%成功率的設(shè)定。根據(jù)我的設(shè)定，失敗可能性幾乎為零。我打算再試著獲得成功，我要制作一個肯定失敗的機(jī)器。盡管我當(dāng)時并沒有意識到，但實際上，制作一無是處東西其實還是個挺聰明的點子。因為當(dāng)我對硬件的學(xué)習(xí)更加深入的時候，我人生中第一次，不用應(yīng)對自我表現(xiàn)方面的焦慮。并且當(dāng)我卸除了所有對自己的壓力與期待后，壓力很快就被熱情取代，我就可以只是瞎玩了。

so as an inventor, i'm interested in things that people struggle with. it can be small things or big things or medium-sizedthings and something like giving a ted talk presents this whole new set of problems that i can solve. and identifying a problem is the first step in my process of building a useless machine.

所以，作為一個發(fā)明者，我對人們很難做到的事情很感興趣。可以是小事，大事，或者二者之間的事。而做一場ted演講，帶來了一系列我能解決的全新問題。而發(fā)現(xiàn)問題則是搭建一個無用機(jī)器的第一步。

so before i came here, i sat down and i thought of some of the potential problems i might have in giving this talk.forgetting what to say. that people won't laugh -- that's you. or even worse, that you'll laugh at the wrong things -- that was an ok part to laugh at, thank you.

在我來這里之前，我坐下來好好思考了一番演講時可能遇到的問題：忘詞，沒人笑——說的就是你哦?；蛘吒愕氖?，你們笑錯地方了，這里你們其實是可以笑的，謝謝。

or that when i get nervous, my hands start shaking and i'm really self-conscious about it. or that my fly has been open this entire time and all of you noticed but i didn't, but it's closed so we're all good on that one.

或者我一緊張就會手抖，我還非常清楚這一點?；蛘呶业难澴永溡恢倍紱]拉上，所有人都注意到了，就我沒有。但它是拉好的，所以沒事了。

but one thing i'm actually really nervous about is my hands shaking. i remember when i was a kid, giving presentations in school, i would have my notes on a piece of paper, and i would put a notebook behind the paper so that people wouldn't be able to see the paper quivering.and i give a lot of talks. i know that about half of you in the audience areprobably like, 'building useless machines is really fun, but how is thisin any way or form a business?'

我最擔(dān)心的就是手抖這個問題了。我還記得我小時候在學(xué)校做演講時，我會在一張紙上準(zhǔn)備講稿，并將紙貼到一個筆記本上，這樣人們就看不出紙在顫抖了。我做過很多演講。我知道你們中有一半聽眾都可能這么想：“制作無用機(jī)器確實挺好玩，但這怎么可能是商機(jī)呢?”

and giving talks is a part of it. and the arrangers always put out a glass of water for you on stage so you have something to drink if you get thirsty, and i always so badly want to drink that water,but i don't dare to pick the glass up because then people might be able to see that my hands are shaking. so what about a machine that hands you a glass of water? sold to the nervous girl in the googly-eye shirt.

演講就是其中的一部分，組織者一定會在講臺上給你放杯水，這樣你渴的時候就有水喝了。我每次都超級想喝那杯水，但我沒有勇氣拿起杯子，因為人們可能就看出我的手在抖。那么要不要來一臺遞給你一杯水的機(jī)器呢?就賣給穿大眼睛t恤的那位緊張女孩!

actually, i need to take this off because ihave a thing --(googly eyes rattle)

實際上我得把這t恤脫了，因為我有個玩意兒要展示——(大眼睛們窸窸窣窣)

oh.(clanking)

噢(叮當(dāng)聲)

i still don't know what to call this, but i think some sort of 'head orbit device,' because it rotates this platform around you and you can put anything on it. you can have a camera; youcan get photos of your entire head. like it's really -- it's a very versatileachine.

我還是不知道給它起什么名字。就叫“頭部環(huán)繞儀”之類的吧。因為這個平臺會繞著你的頭旋轉(zhuǎn)，你想放什么東西上去都可以。比如放一臺攝像機(jī)，你就可以拍到你整個頭部的照片。這是一臺非常多功能的機(jī)器。

ok, and i have -- i mean, you can put some snacks on it, for e_ample, if you want to. i have some popcorn here. and you just put a little bit like that. and then you want to -- there's some sacrifices for science -- just some popcorn falling on the floor. let's do the long way around.(robot buzzes)

好了。比如你們還可以把零食放上去啊，如果你想的話。我這有些爆米花。你就這么放一點上去。如果你想——這有一些科學(xué)的犧牲品——一些爆米花掉地上了。我們來繞個大圈吧。(機(jī)器聲)

and then you have a little hand. you need to adjust the height of it, and you just do it by shrugging.

這兒有只小手。你得把高度調(diào)整一下，聳聳肩就可以。

it has a little hand.(hand thwacks)

這就是小手。(手掌拍打聲)

i just bumped my mic off, but i think we'reall good. ok, also i need to chew this popcorn, so if you guys could just clapyour hands a little bit more --ok, so it's like your own little personalsolar system, because i'm a millennial, so i want everything to revolve aroundme.

我把麥克風(fēng)拍掉了，但應(yīng)該沒事兒。好的，我先把爆米花咽下去，所以你們再鼓一會掌好了。這就像個私人迷你太陽系，因為我是千禧一代，所以我希望所有東西都圍著我轉(zhuǎn)。

back to the glass of water, that's what we're here for. so, i promise -- i mean, it still has -- it doesn't have any water in it, i'm sorry. but i still need to work on this machine a little bit because i still need to pick up the glass and put it on the platform, but if your hands are shaking a little bit, nobody's going to notice because you're wearing a very mesmerizing piece of equipment.

回到那杯水的問題，那是我們來到這里的原因。我保證，它里頭還有——這杯子里面沒有水，抱歉。但我還得調(diào)整一下這個機(jī)器，因為我還是得拿起杯子放到平臺上，但如果你的手在抖，沒有人能注意到了，因為你身上正穿著一臺很迷人的機(jī)器呢。

so, we're all good. ok.(robot buzzes)(singing)

目前為止一切正常。很好。(機(jī)器聲)(歌聲)

oh no, it got stuck. isn't it comforting that even robots sometimes get stage fright? it just gets stuck a little bit.it's very human of them. oh wait, let's go back a little bit, and then --(glass falls)

哦不，它卡住了。連機(jī)器都會犯舞臺恐懼癥，是不是很讓人放松啊?它只是有一點點卡住。非常人性化哦。等一下，我們倒回去一點。然后——(玻璃杯觸地聲)

isn't it a beautiful time to be alive?

活在這個時代真好，是吧?

so as much as my machines can seem like simple engineering slap stick, i realize that i stumbled on something bigger than that. it's this e_pression of joy and humility that often gets lost inengineering, and for me it was a way to learn about hardware without having my performance an_iety get in the way. i often get asked if i think i'm ever going to build something useful, and maybe someday i will.

我的機(jī)器看起來像是在用工程學(xué)做簡單的惡搞，但我意識到我觸及到了一些比這更重要的事。制造機(jī)器時往往無法表現(xiàn)得開心或謙遜。對我而言，用這種方式學(xué)硬件，是不會受到表現(xiàn)焦慮癥干擾的。經(jīng)常有人問我，我以后會不會制作一些有用的東西?可能有一天我會。

but the way i see it, ialready have because i've built myself this job and it's something that i could never have planned for, or that i could --it's something that i could never have planned for. instead it happened just because i was enthusiastic about what i was doing, and i was sharing that enthusiasm with other people.

但我覺得，我早已做到了。這份工作是我為自己創(chuàng)造出的。這是我無法計劃出來的。或者——這是我永遠(yuǎn)也無法計劃出的。相反，這一切的發(fā)生只是因為我對這個工作充滿熱情，并且我在與他人分享我的熱情。

to me that's the true beauty of making useless things, because it's this acknowledgment that you don't always know what the best answer is. and it turns off that voice in your head that tells you that you know e_actly how the world works. and maybe atoothbrush helmet isn't the answer, but at least you're asking the question.

對于我，那就是制作無用機(jī)器最美的部分。因為你已經(jīng)承認(rèn)，你不一定知道最好的答案是什么。它讓你不再盲目認(rèn)為自己已經(jīng)完全了解世界怎么運作。可能一臺牙刷頭盔并不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案，但至少你提出了問題。

thank you.(applause)

謝謝。(掌聲)

第7篇 ted英語演講：找工作面試為什么過不去

找工作面試為什么過不去

演講者：regina hartley

your company launches a search for an open position. the applications start rolling in, and the qualified candidates are identified. now the choosing begins. person a: ivy league, 4.0, flawless resume, great recommendations. all the right stuff. person b: state school, fair amount of job hopping, and odd jobs like cashier and singing waitress. but remember -- both are qualified. so i ask you: who are you going to pick?

你的公司發(fā)布了一個公開招聘的職位。申請表開始滾滾而來，合格的候選人已被挑選出來?，F(xiàn)在開始挑選。候選人a：常春藤盟校，績點4.0，完美的履歷，出色的推薦信。所有好的要素都具備。候選人b：公立學(xué)校畢業(yè)，碾轉(zhuǎn)于各種工作之間，甚至包括做收銀員和唱歌的服務(wù)生。不過請記得—— 兩位都是符合要求的。所以，我要問問你們：你們會選擇哪一位?

my colleagues and i created very official terms to describe two distinct categories of candidates. we call a 'the silver spoon,' the one who clearly had advantages and was destined for success. and we call b 'the scrapper,' the one who had to fight against tremendous odds to get to the same point. you just heard a human resources director refer to people as silver spoons and scrappers --

我和我的同事發(fā)明了一些非常正式的術(shù)語，來描述這兩個不同類別的候選人。我們把 a 稱為“含著金鑰匙(直譯為‘銀湯匙’)的人”，一個明顯具有優(yōu)勢，而且注定會成功的人。我們把 b 稱為“拳擊手”，必須努力沖破重重難關(guān)才能實現(xiàn)同樣的目標(biāo)。你們剛剛聽到了一個人力資源總監(jiān)將應(yīng)聘者比作 銀湯匙和拳擊手——

which is not e_actly politically correct and sounds a bit judgmental. but before my human resources certification gets revoked --let me e_plain.

這聽起來在政治上不太正確，而且還有些武斷。但在我的人力資源證書被吊銷前——讓我來解釋一下。

a resume tells a story. and over the years, i've learned something about people whose e_periences read like a patchwork quilt, that makes me stop and fully consider them before tossing their resumes away. a series of odd jobs may indicate inconsistency, lack of focus, unpredictability. or it may signal a committed struggle against obstacles. at the very least, the scrapper deserves an interview.

一份簡歷講述了一個故事。過去的那些年，我了解到那些經(jīng)歷好似拼布床單的人，會讓我在把他們的簡歷扔掉前會停下來認(rèn)真地考慮一下他們。一系列雜亂的工作可能意味著易變，不專心，難以捉摸?；蛘?，它可能標(biāo)志著努力掙扎跨越障礙。至少，“拳擊手”應(yīng)該得到一次面試機(jī)會。

to be clear, i don't hold anything against the silver spoon; getting into and graduating from an elite university takes a lot of hard work and sacrifice. but if your whole life has been engineered toward success,how will you handle the tough times? one person i hired felt that because he attended an elite university,there were certain assignments that were beneath him, like temporarily doing manual labor to better understand an operation. eventually, he quit. but on the flip side, what happens when your whole life is destined for failure and you actually succeed?

不過我要強(qiáng)調(diào)一下，我并不排斥“銀湯匙”;能夠被精英大學(xué)錄取并順利畢業(yè)，同樣需要付出很多心血和犧牲。但是，如果你的一生都被設(shè)計為走向成功，你要如何應(yīng)對困難的時刻呢?一位我曾經(jīng)雇用過的人認(rèn)為，因為他畢業(yè)于精英大學(xué)，某些類型的工作對他而言是低下的，比如短時間從事體力勞動以更好地了解公司運作。最終，他離開了。但是，另一方面，如果你的人生注定失敗，而你卻成功了，這是怎么回事呢?

i want to urge you to interview the scrapper. i know a lot about this because i am a scrapper. before i was born, my father was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, and he couldn't hold a job in spite of his brilliance. our lives were one part 'cuckoo's nest,' one part 'awakenings' and one part 'a beautiful mind.'

我會建議你去面試“拳擊手”。我很了解這些， 因為我自己就是一個“拳擊手”。 在我出生之前， 我的父親就被診斷為精神分裂癥， 他無法繼續(xù)工作 盡管他很有才華。 我們的生活就像“飛越瘋?cè)嗽骸保?“無語問蒼天”， 和“美麗心靈”的合集。

i'm the fourth of five children raised by a single mother in a rough neighborhood in brooklyn, new york. we never owned a home, a car, a washing machine, and for most of my childhood, we didn't even have a telephone. so i was highly motivated to understand the relationship between business success and scrappers, because my life could easily have turned out very differently. as i met successful business people and read profiles of high-powered leaders, i noticed some commonality.

我是一位單身母親五個孩子中的第四個，我們在紐約布魯克林一個混亂的街區(qū)生活。我們從未擁有過一個家，一輛車，或是一個洗衣機(jī)，在我童年的大部分時間，我們甚至沒有一部電話。因此我有很強(qiáng)的意愿去理解生意場的成功和“拳擊手”的關(guān)聯(lián)，因為我的人生很容易就會發(fā)展出不同的結(jié)局。我見過成功的商人，也閱讀過具備出色領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的人的資料，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了其中的一些共性。

many of them had e_perienced early hardships, anywhere from poverty, abandonment, death of a parent while young, to learning disabilities, alcoholism and violence. the conventional thinking has been that trauma leads to distress, and there's been a lot of focus on the resulting dysfunction. but during studies of dysfunction, data revealed an une_pected insight: that even the worst circumstances can result in growth and transformation. a remarkable and counterintuitive phenomenon has been discovered, which scientists call post traumatic growth.

他們中的很多人經(jīng)歷過早年的困頓，可能是貧窮，被拋棄，親人的早逝， 也可能是學(xué)習(xí)障礙，酗酒和暴力。傳統(tǒng)的思維認(rèn)為創(chuàng)傷會導(dǎo)致痛苦，而且還重點強(qiáng)調(diào)了失敗的結(jié)果。但在我研究這些不成功的案例期間，得到的數(shù)據(jù)卻揭示了一個出乎意料的結(jié)論：即便是最糟的境遇也能導(dǎo)致成長和轉(zhuǎn)變。一個顯著但有悖常理的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，科學(xué)家們稱之為“創(chuàng)后成長”。

in one study designed to measure the effects of adversity on children at risk, among a subset of 698 childrenwho e_perienced the most severe and e_treme conditions, fully one-third grew up to lead healthy, successful and productive lives. in spite of everything and against tremendous odds, they succeeded. one-third.

在一項設(shè)計用來衡量逆境對困苦的孩子會產(chǎn)生怎樣影響的研究表明，在698位參與測試的孩子，在經(jīng)歷了最艱苦嚴(yán)苛的考驗后，他們中的三分之一長大后獲得了健康、成功以及豐富的人生。盡管經(jīng)歷了巨大的艱難，但最后還是成功了。有三分之一這么多。

take this resume. this guy's parents give him up for adoption. he never finishes college. he job-hops quite a bit, goes on a sojourn to india for a year, and to top it off, he has dysle_ia. would you hire this guy? his name is steve jobs.

看看這份簡歷。他被親生父母拋棄，交由他人收養(yǎng)。他沒有完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)。他在某段時期頻繁跳槽，在印度逗留了一年，不止如此，他還有閱讀障礙。你會雇用他嗎? 他的名字是史蒂夫·喬布斯。

in a study of the world's most highly successful entrepreneurs, it turns out a disproportionate number have dysle_ia. in the us, 35 percent of the entrepreneurs studied had dysle_ia. what's remarkable -- among those entrepreneurs who e_perience post traumatic growth, they now view their learning disability as a desirable difficulty which provided them an advantage because they became better listeners and paid greater attention to detail.

一個對全球最成功企業(yè)家群體的研究表明，相當(dāng)數(shù)量的企業(yè)家有閱讀障礙。在美國， 35%的企業(yè)家有閱讀障礙。值得注意的是——這些企業(yè)家中那些經(jīng)歷過創(chuàng)后成長的人， 成功后的他們將這樣的學(xué)習(xí)障礙看作是值得經(jīng)歷的困難，這樣的困難給予了他們優(yōu)勢，他們因此成為更好的聽眾，并且更加關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)。

they don't think they are who they are in spite of adversity, they know they are who they are because of adversity. they embrace their trauma and hardships as key elements of who they've become, and know that without those e_periences, they might not have developed the muscle and grit required to become successful.

他們在經(jīng)歷逆境前， 并沒有看到自己的潛力， 而因為逆境，他們準(zhǔn)確地定位了自己。 他們擁抱傷害和困頓， 這是他們成為成功企業(yè)家的關(guān)鍵要素， 他們知道，如果沒有這些經(jīng)歷， 他們也許沒有辦法發(fā)展出成功者 需要具備的勇氣和毅力。

one of my colleagues had his life completely upended as a result of the chinese cultural revolution in 1966. at age 13, his parents were relocated to the countryside, the schools were closed and he was left alone in beijing to fend for himself until 16, when he got a job in a clothing factory. but instead of accepting his fate, he made a resolution that he would continue his formal education. eleven years later, when the political landscape changed, he heard about a highly selective university admissions test. he had three months to learn the entire curriculum of middle and high school.

我有一位同事，因為中國 1966年的文化大革命，他的人生徹底顛覆了。在他13歲那年，他的父母被下放農(nóng)村，學(xué)校關(guān)閉了， 而他獨自在北京謀生， 直到16歲， 他在服裝廠找到了一份工作。 與其接受命運， 他決心不如繼續(xù)完成學(xué)業(yè)。 20__年后，政治版圖改變了， 他聽說了一個 競爭相當(dāng)激烈的大學(xué)入學(xué)考試。 他只有3個月來學(xué)習(xí)整個初中 以及高中的課程。

so, every day he came home from the factory, took a nap, studied until 4am, went back to work and repeated this cycle every day for three months.he did it, he succeeded. his commitment to his education was unwavering, and he never lost hope. today, he holds a master's degree, and his daughters each have degrees from cornell and harvard.

于是，每天他從工廠回家后， 先睡一小覺，然后學(xué)習(xí)到凌晨四點， 回去工廠工作， 就這樣日復(fù)一日過了整整三個月。 他做到了，他成功了。 他繼續(xù)求學(xué)的決心非常堅定， 也從未放棄希望。 今天，他擁有了碩士學(xué)位， 他的兩個女兒則分別畢業(yè)于 康奈爾大學(xué)和哈佛大學(xué)。

scrappers are propelled by the belief that the only person you have full control over is yourself. when things don't turn out well, scrappers ask, 'what can i do differently to create a better result?' scrappers have a sense of purpose that prevents them from giving up on themselves, kind of like if you've survived poverty, a crazy father and several muggings, you figure, 'business challenges? --really? piece of cake. i got this.'

“拳擊手”被信念推動向前進(jìn)，相信只有自己才能掌握自己的命運。當(dāng)事情發(fā)展并不盡如人意，“拳擊手”會問，“我能做些什么別的來創(chuàng)造一個更好的結(jié)果?”“拳擊手”有目標(biāo)意識，永不放棄自己， 如果你從貧窮，瘋狂的父親 和數(shù)次被搶劫的經(jīng)歷中存活下來， 你會覺得，“商業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)?——這還算事兒嗎?太簡單了。我能搞定?！?/p>

and that reminds me -- humor. scrappers know that humor gets you through the tough times, and laughter helps you change your perspective.

這不禁讓我想起——幽默感?！叭瓝羰帧敝溃哪軌驇湍愣冗^最艱難的時刻，嘲笑你的人會幫助你改變對未來的看法。

and finally, there are relationships. people who overcome adversity don't do it alone. somewhere along the way, they find people who bring out the best in them and who are invested in their success. having someone you can count on no matter what is essential to overcoming adversity.

最后，還有人際關(guān)系。那些克服困難的人并非一直單打獨斗。奮斗過程中的某時某刻，他們會遇到伯樂，以及在他們成功的道路上傾囊相助的人。不管發(fā)生什么事，總有一個人可以依靠，這是克服困境的關(guān)鍵。

i was lucky. in my first job after college, i didn't have a car, so i carpooled across two bridges with a woman who was the president's assistant. she watched me work and encouraged me to focus on my future and not dwell on my past. along the way i've met many people who've provided me brutally honest feedback, advice and mentorship. these people don't mind that i once worked as a singing waitress to help pay for college.

我很幸運。 得到大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的第一份工作時，我還沒有車，所以我與人拼車，跨越兩座橋去上班，那位女士當(dāng)時還是總統(tǒng)助理。她看到我工作，并鼓勵我放眼未來，不要老是想著過去。一路走來我遇到了很多人，讓我懂得了忠言逆耳，他們都是我的良師益友。這些人并不在意 我曾經(jīng)是個為了支付上大學(xué)的開銷而唱歌打工的女服務(wù)生。

i'll leave you with one final, valuable insight. companies that are committed to diversity and inclusive practices tend to support scrappers and outperform their peers. according to diversityinc, a study of their top 50 companies for diversity outperformed the s&p 500 by 25 percent.

最后再分享一個有價值的見解。那些致力于多樣化和包容開放行為的公司更愿意去支持“拳擊手”，讓他們比同輩更出色。《多元化企業(yè)》雜志的一項研究表明，最多元化的50家企業(yè)的運營表現(xiàn)超越了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)25%。

so back to my original question. who are you going to bet on: silver spoon or scrapper? i say choose the underestimated contender, whose secret weapons are passion and purpose.

那么回到我最初的問題。你會將賭注放在誰身上：“銀湯匙”還是“拳擊手”?我會選擇被低估的競爭者，他/她的秘密武器是激情和決心。

hire the scrapper.

請雇用'拳擊手'。

《找工作面試為什么過不去》觀后感

夏，剛剛從大學(xué)畢業(yè)。帶著一臉的稚氣與自信一頭鉆進(jìn)了人才交流市場。幾經(jīng)“爭戰(zhàn)”，終于來到了她心儀的公司進(jìn)行復(fù)試。

復(fù)試的人很多，有與夏一樣的大學(xué)生，也有年紀(jì)大一些的。大家都很緊張，緊緊盯著面試的那間屋子的大門。這時夏被叫了進(jìn)去。“請問，小姐你最看重的品質(zhì)是什么?”主考官發(fā)問了。夏毫不猶豫地回答：“誠實，有信用?！敝骺脊贊M意地點點頭。隨后又問了一些

常規(guī)性的問題，就讓夏回家等通知了。

夏很緊張，慌忙地拎著包下樓了，剛要出大門，有一個年輕人叫住了她，急喘喘地說：“對不起，你是剛參加完面試的嗎?你是學(xué)財會的嗎?我們正需要驗鈔機(jī)，可人手不夠，你能不能……”夏點了點頭，接過了那人遞過來的兩千元。夏很好奇，怎么會這么放心就給了我兩千元，但又不好問，夏轉(zhuǎn)身就走了。

八月的天氣，驕陽似火，太陽在太空炫耀著自己的激情，云早就不知道躲在什么地方納涼了。夏奔波于各大商場，卻沒發(fā)現(xiàn)物美價廉的驗鈔機(jī)。終于在一個私人電器行里，她發(fā)現(xiàn)了一部最新的，而價格也很公道。夏買下了它。

“小姐，發(fā)票開多少錢?”老板問她?！伴_多少錢?”夏不明白了，難道不是是多少寫多少?老板看出她的驚訝，嘿嘿地笑了兩聲，“你想開多少都行，報了銷不就成你的了?！笨粗习迮で哪?，她感到一陣?yán)湟庵睕_頭頂，她搖了搖頭。

她回到公司，發(fā)現(xiàn)每個人都抱著一部驗鈔機(jī)，主考官站在其中，仔細(xì)巡視每一張發(fā)票?！靶湃巍薄昂闷妗币幌伦酉亩济靼琢?。別人的發(fā)票金額都比夏高好多，所以夏通過了復(fù)試。

她被領(lǐng)到寫字間，來到她的座位上。旁邊站著一個正在收拾東西的女孩，女孩看了她一眼冷笑道：“這么快，又來了一位，勸你一句，在這兒干必須聽話，做賬不是看數(shù)，而是看人。”夏又是一臉驚愕。“慢慢你就懂了，你也有這一天?！迸G下一句話，不屑地走了。夏眼前又浮現(xiàn)出電器行老板扭曲的笑臉。

看看手里剛發(fā)的工作證，忽然有種莫名的氣憤。她將工作證及抽屜匙一起放在桌面上，旁邊附著一張紙，只有兩個字：“誠信”。

她離開了那，消失在燦爛的陽光里。

第8篇 ted英語演講：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?/strong>

演說題目：我們?yōu)槭裁纯鞓?/p>

演說者：丹·吉爾伯特

when you have 21 minutes to speak,two million years seems like a really long time.but evolutionarily,two million years is nothing.and yet in two million years,the human brain has nearly tripled in mass,going from the one-and-a-quarter pound brain of our ancestor here, habilis,to the almost three-pound meatloafthat everybody here has between their ears.what is it about a big brainthat nature was so eager for every one of us to have one?

相對二十一分鐘的演講來說，兩百萬年顯得非常漫長。但是從進(jìn)化的角度來看，兩百萬年只是一瞬間。在兩百萬年中，大腦腦容量從我們祖先能人的1.25磅，增大了近三倍成了現(xiàn)在的3磅。自然給予我們的大腦有什么特別之處呢?

well, it turns out when brains triple in size,they don’t just get three times bigger;they gain new structures.and one of the main reasons our brain got so big is because it got a new part,called the 'frontal lobe.'particularly, a part called the 'pre-frontal corte_.'what does a pre-frontal corte_ do for you that should justifythe entire architectural overhaul of the human skullin the blink of evolutionary time?

當(dāng)我們的腦量擴(kuò)大三倍的時候，大腦不僅僅在體積上有了改變，它在結(jié)構(gòu)上也發(fā)生了變化。我們大腦變大的最大原因就是它有了新的一部分，叫做額葉。其中尤為重要的是前額葉外皮。是什么讓前額葉外皮成人腦中如此重要的一部分?

it turns out the pre-frontal corte_ does lots of things,but one of the most important things it does is an e_perience simulator.pilots practice in flight simulatorsso that they don’t make real mistakes in planes.human beings have this marvelous adaptationthat they can actually have e_periences in their headsbefore they try them out in real life.this is a trick that none of our ancestors could do,and that no other animal can do quite like we can.it’s a marvelous adaptation.it’s up there with opposable thumbs and standing upright and languageas one of the things that got our species out of the treesand into the shopping mall.

腦前額葉外皮有很多功能，其中最重要的是它擁有一種創(chuàng)造模擬經(jīng)驗的功能。飛行員利用在飛行模擬器中的訓(xùn)練來防止在真實飛行中產(chǎn)生失誤。人類有驚人的適應(yīng)性，他們可以在大腦中體驗未曾真實經(jīng)歷的東西。這個技巧是我們的祖先們都不會的，也沒有任何動物會。 這種適應(yīng)性真不可思議!這一特征和對生拇指，直立行走以及語言使我們從樹上進(jìn)化到了購物中心。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

all of you have done this.ben and jerry’s doesn’t have liver-and-onion ice cream,and it’s not because they whipped some up, tried it and went, 'yuck.'it’s because, without leaving your armchair,you can simulate that flavor and say 'yuck' before you make it.

現(xiàn)在--我們大家都能做這些。我的意思是，比如本和杰瑞(一個冰激凌連鎖店)沒有肝和洋蔥口味的冰激淋。并不是因為他們試做了一下，嘗了嘗，而后“yuck” (表示惡心)。而是因為你坐在椅子上就可以想象肝和洋蔥的口味的冰激淋是怎樣惡心了。

let’s see how your e_perience simulators are working.let’s just run a quick diagnosticbefore i proceed with the rest of the talk.here’s two different futures that i invite you to contemplate.you can try to simulate them and tell me which one you think you might prefer.one of them is winning the lottery. this is about 314 million dollars.and the other is becoming paraplegic.

讓我們來看看經(jīng)驗?zāi)M器是如何工作的。在我繼續(xù)我的演說之前讓我們來做一個簡短的試驗。這里有兩個不同的未來，我想邀請你們一起來參與。你可以幻想這兩種未來，看看你更喜歡哪一種。第一種未來是贏了價值3.14億美元的彩票。第二種是截癱。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

just give it a moment of thought.you probably don’t feel like you need a moment of thought.

我給你們幾分鐘考慮一下。你也許覺得根本不用考慮。

interestingly, there are data on these two groups of people,data on how happy they are.and this is e_actly what you e_pected, isn’t it?but these aren’t the data.i made these up!

這里有一些很有趣的數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)顯示了這兩組人到底有多快樂。是不是這正如你們所料?可其實這是我胡謅的數(shù)據(jù)。

these are the data.you failed the pop quiz, and you’re hardly five minutes into the lecture.because the fact is that a year after losing the use of their legs,and a year after winning the lotto,lottery winners and paraplegicsare equally happy with their lives.

這才是真正的數(shù)據(jù)。你們都沒有通過突擊測試。這堂課開始還不到5分鐘呢。事實是，在失去雙腿一年之后，和在贏了彩票一年之后，中彩票的人和截癱患者的快樂程度幾乎相同。

don’t feel too bad about failing the first pop quiz,because everybody fails all of the pop quizzes all of the time.the research that my laboratory has been doing,that economists and psychologists around the country have been doing,has revealed something really quite startling to us,something we call the 'impact bias,'which is the tendency for the simulator to work badly.for the simulator to make you believe that different outcomesare more different than in fact they really are.

現(xiàn)在，不要為沒有通過突擊測試而沮喪了。因為幾乎沒有人能通過這項突擊測試。我實驗室所做的研究，還有全國的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家所做的研究顯示了一種讓人吃驚的東西。我們稱它為影響偏差。這是指人腦的模擬功能有犯錯誤的傾向。模擬器會夸大事物的不同結(jié)果而這些結(jié)果實際上未必有多么的不同。

from field studies to laboratory studies,we see that winning or losing an election,gaining or losing a romantic partner,getting or not getting a promotion,passing or not passing a college test,on and on, have far less impact,less intensity and much less durationthan people e_pect them to have.this almost floors me --a recent study showing how major life traumas affect peoplesuggests that if it happened over three months ago,with only a few e_ceptions,it has no impact whatsoever on your happiness.

現(xiàn)場研究和實驗室研究都顯示選舉的輸贏，伴侶的得失，提升與否，考試成敗等等，對我們的影響及影響的時間長短都比人們想象的少。事實上，最新的研究幾乎讓我都迷惑了。最新的研究顯示，發(fā)生在三個月以前的重大的創(chuàng)傷，除了少數(shù)個別例子對你今日的快樂幾乎沒有影響。

why?because happiness can be synthesized.sir thomas brown wrote in 1642, 'i am the happiest man alive.i have that in me that can convert poverty to riches, adversity to prosperity.i am more invulnerable than achilles; fortune hath not one place to hit me.'what kind of remarkable machinery does this guy have in his head?

這是為什么?因為快樂是可以人工合成的。托馬斯·布朗在1642年寫到：“我是世界上最快樂的人。我可以將貧窮變?yōu)楦挥?，將逆境變?yōu)轫樉?。我比阿奇里?achilles)更無懈可擊，我用不著幸運的眷顧。”是什么力量讓他如此強(qiáng)大?

well, it turns out it’s precisely the same remarkable machinery that all off us have.human beings have somethingthat we might think of as a 'psychological immune system.'a system of cognitive processes, largely non-conscious cognitive processes,that help them change their views of the world,so that they can feel betterabout the worlds in which they find themselves.like sir thomas, you have this machine.unlike sir thomas,you seem not to know it.

這種力量是我們每個人都有。人類具有一種心理免疫系統(tǒng)。這個系統(tǒng)通是一個認(rèn)知過程，基本上是無意識的認(rèn)知過程，這種認(rèn)知可以改變?nèi)藗儗κ澜绲恼J(rèn)識，讓人們感到自己的生活美好。像托馬斯爵士一樣，你也具有這樣的能力。與托馬斯爵士不同的是，你還沒有意識到你有這種能力。

we synthesize happiness, but we think happiness is a thing to be found.now, you don’t need me to give youtoo many e_amples of people synthesizing happiness, i suspect.though i’m going to show you some e_perimental evidence,you don’t have to look very far for evidence.i took a copy of the new york timesand tried to find some instances of people synthesizing happiness.here are three guys synthesizing happiness.i’m better off physically,financially, mentally ...i don’t have one minute’s regret.it was a glorious e_perience.i believe it turned out for the best.

我們都可以自己制造快樂，盡管我們一直以為快樂是一種需要苦苦追尋的東西?，F(xiàn)在，我想你不用我舉太多人們自己合成快樂的例子，不過我還是想給你們看一下一些實驗證據(jù)，你并不用太費勁地尋求證據(jù)。我上課時說過要自我挑戰(zhàn)，因此我隨便拿了一份紐約時報，試著從中尋找人們?nèi)斯ず铣煽鞓返睦印＿@里有三個例子?！拔椰F(xiàn)在在心理上，經(jīng)濟(jì)上，感情上和精神上各方面都比以前好?！薄拔覜]有一分鐘后悔過。”“這個經(jīng)歷太榮耀了。”“我相信事情向最好的方向發(fā)展。”

who are these characters who are so damn happy?the first one is jim wright.some of you are old enough to remember:he was the chairman of the house of representativesand he resigned in disgracewhen this young republican named newt gingrichfound out about a shady book deal he had done.he lost everything.the most powerful democrat in the country lost everything.he lost his money, he lost his power.what does he have to say all these years later?i am so much better off physically,financially, mentallyand in almost every other way.'what other way would there be to be better off?vegetably? minerally? animally?he’s pretty much covered them there.

誰如此快樂?第一位是吉姆·萊特(jim wright)。年紀(jì)大一點的人可能記得：他是眾議院主席。他失去了一切。因為一個名叫牛特·金瑞奇(newt gingrich)的年輕共和黨黨員發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的一樁黑幕交易事件， 萊特被迫辭職。這個在美國最有權(quán)的民主黨黨員失去了一切。他失去了金錢，權(quán)利。這么多年后，他是怎么看待這些的?“我現(xiàn)在在心理上，經(jīng)濟(jì)上，感情上和精神上等各方面都比以前好?！弊詈眠€能好成怎樣?植物上?礦物上?動物上?。他基本上都包括了

moreese bickham is somebody you’ve never heard of.moreese bickham uttered these words upon being released.he was 78 years old.he’d spent 37 years in a louisiana state penitentiaryfor a crime he didn’t commit.[he was ultimately releasedfor good behavior halfway through his sentence.]what did he say about his e_perience?i don’t have one minute’s regret.it was a glorious e_perience. glorious!he is not saying,well, there were some nice guys.they had a gym.glorious,a word we usually reserve for something like a religious e_perience.

你可能從來沒有聽說過莫里斯·比克漢(moreese bickham)。莫里斯·比克漢出獄后說了這樣的話。他七十八歲了。他因為一項錯誤的判決在路易斯安那監(jiān)獄坐了三十七年牢。他最終在七十八歲時通過了dna測驗確認(rèn)無罪才被釋放。他是這樣描繪他的這些經(jīng)歷的呢?“我從來沒有一分鐘后悔。這個經(jīng)歷太榮耀了。榮耀!”這個人不是在說：“監(jiān)獄里有些人還是不錯的。那里還有一個健身房?！彼f的是“榮耀!”我們通常專門用這個詞語來形容跟宗教相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷。

harry s. langerman uttered these words,and he’s somebody you might have knownbut didn’t, because in 1949 he read a little article in the paperabout a hamburger stand owned by two brothers named mcdonalds.and he thought,'that’s a really neat idea!'so he went to find them. they said,we can give you a franchise on this for 3,000 bucks.harry went back to new york,asked his brother, an investment banker,to loan him the $3,000,and his brother’s immortal words were,you idiot, nobody eats hamburgers.he wouldn’t lend him the money,and of course, si_ months later ray kroc had e_actly the same idea.it turns out people do eat hamburgers,and ray kroc, for a while,became the richest man in america.

哈里·朗格曼(harry s langerman)說了這些。他本可以成為一個家喻戶曉的人物。在1949年，他在報上看到關(guān)于麥當(dāng)勞兄弟擁有的一家漢堡小攤的報道。他立馬想到“這是一個好主意!”他找到了麥當(dāng)勞兄弟。他們同意道：“給我們$3000， 我們就讓你開連鎖店?！惫锘氐郊~約，向他在投行工作的哥哥借$3000。他哥哥勸慰道：“你真是一個傻瓜。沒人會吃漢堡的?！彼麤]有借到錢。6個月之后，瑞·克羅克(ray croc)也有了同樣的想法。結(jié)果是人們喜歡吃漢堡，瑞·克羅克一時成為巨富。

and then, finally,some of you recognize this young photo of pete best,who was the original drummer for the beatles,until they, you know, sent him out on an errand and snuck awayand picked up ringo on a tour.well, in 1994, when pete best was interviewed --yes, he’s still a drummer;yes, he’s a studio musician --he had this to say: 'i’m happier than i would have been with the beatles.'

最后，你們也許會認(rèn)出年輕的比特·貝斯特(pete best),他是甲殼蟲樂隊早期的一位鼓手。他們借故丟下了他，讓林格(ringo)入伙。1994年比特·貝斯特接受采訪的時候，-是的，他還是一名鼓手;是的，他還是一名音樂家 --他說到：“要是留在甲殼蟲樂隊，我不會這么快樂?！?/p>

okay. there’s something important to be learned from these people,and it is the secret of happiness.here it is, finally to be revealed.first: accrue wealth, power,and prestige, then lose it.

好了。我們可以從這些人身上學(xué)到很重要的東西。那是快樂的秘訣。讓我們總結(jié)一下。一：積聚財富，權(quán)利和威望，然后失去這些東西。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

second: spend as much of your life in prison as you possibly can.

二：把牢底坐穿。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

third: make somebody else really, really rich.and finally: never ever join the beatles.

三：讓他人成為巨富。最后：千萬別加入甲殼蟲樂隊。

(laughter)yeah, right.because when people synthesize happiness,as these gentlemen seem to have done,we all smile at them,but we kind of roll our eyes and say,yeah right, you never really wanted the job.oh yeah, right. you really didn’t have that much in common with her,and you figured that out just about the timeshe threw the engagement ring in your face.'we smirk because we believe that synthetic happinessis not of the same quality as what we might call 'natural happiness.'

(笑聲)我像澤.法蘭克(ze frank)一樣可以猜想到你會想什么。你們在想“哦，是吧。”因為當(dāng)人們像以上例舉的人一樣去合成快樂時，我們會沖他們微笑，同時會轉(zhuǎn)動著眼睛說：“哦，是吧。你從來沒有真正想要那份工作。”“哦，是的，你本來就和她沒有什么共同點，你知道這點時，她也差不多要把訂婚戒指取下來扔給你。”我們假笑是因為我們相信合成的快樂比不上天然的快樂。

what are these terms?natural happiness is what we get when we get what we wanted,and synthetic happiness is what we make when we don’t get what we wanted.and in our society,we have a strong beliefthat synthetic happiness is of an inferior kind.

什么是天然的快樂和人工合成的快樂?天然的快樂是得到我們渴求的東西。人工合成的快樂則是在得不到我們渴求的東西時，自己制造出來的東西?，F(xiàn)在這個社會堅信人工合成的快樂是次品。

why do we have that belief?well, it’s very simple.what kind of economic engine would keep churningif we believed that not getting what we wantcould make us just as happy as getting it?with all apologies to my friend matthieu ricard,a shopping mall full of zen monksis not going to be particularly profitable,because they don’t want stuff enough.

為什么人們有這樣的觀點?那很簡單。如果我們都相信得到或得不到自己想要的東西都能一樣快樂，那經(jīng)濟(jì)引擎還如何高速運轉(zhuǎn)?先讓我向馬修·理查德(matthieu ricard)表示歉意，要是光顧商場的都是和尚，那么這些商場豈不是都不賺錢了?因為和尚通常都沒有什么物質(zhì)需求。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

i want to suggest to you that synthetic happinessis every bit as real and enduringas the kind of happiness you stumble uponwhen you get e_actly what you were aiming for.i’m a scientist, so i’m going to do this not with rhetoric,but by marinating you in a little bit of data.

我想告訴你們的是，人工合成的快樂是真實而持久的。它和那種因為得到我們渴求的東西而感受到的快樂一樣。我是一個科學(xué)家。我不光是說一些好聽的結(jié)論，我還要向你們提供一些數(shù)據(jù)。

let me first show you an e_perimental paradigm that is usedto demonstrate the synthesis of happiness among regular old folks.and this isn’t mine.it’s a 50-year-old paradigm called the 'free choice paradigm.'it’s very simple.you bring in, say, si_ objects,and you ask a subject to rank them from the most to the least liked.in this case, because this e_periment uses them,these are monet prints.so, everybody can rank these monet printsfrom the one they like the most,to the one they like the least.now we give you a choice:we happen to have some e_tra prints in the closet.we’re going to give you one as your prize to take home.we happen to have number three and number four,' we tell the subject.this is a bit of a difficult choice,because neither one is preferred strongly to the other,but naturally, people tend to pick number threebecause they liked it a little better than number four.

第一個試驗證據(jù)顯示了普通人的人工合成的快樂。這不是我的試驗。這個50年前做的實驗叫做自由選擇。它很簡單。你有6件物品。你讓受試者把這6件物品按照他們的喜愛程度排序。在這個實驗中我們用6幅莫奈的畫。每個人都把畫按照他們最喜歡的到最不喜歡的排列?，F(xiàn)在我們給你一個選擇?！拔覀冋糜幸恍┒嘤嗟漠?。我們將把畫作為獎品給你。我們正好有三號和四號畫?！边@個選擇有點困難，因為受試者對兩幅畫的喜愛程度相當(dāng)。很自然，人們都傾向于選擇三號。因為他們更喜歡三號。

sometime later -- it could be 15 minutes; it could be 15 days --the same stimuli are put before the subject,and the subject is asked to re-rank the stimuli.tell us how much you like them now.what happens?watch as happiness is synthesized.this is the result that has been replicated over and over again.you’re watching happiness be synthesized.would you like to see it again?happiness!the one i got is really better than i thought!that other one i didn’t get sucks!'that’s the synthesis of happiness.

過了一段時間之后 - 這可能是15分鐘，也可能是15天。對同樣的畫，我們叫受試者對同樣的畫再一次排序?！案嬖V我們你現(xiàn)在有多喜歡這些畫了?”結(jié)果怎樣?快樂被人工合成了。我們反復(fù)進(jìn)行了同樣的實驗。你看到快樂被合成了吧!你還想看一下嗎?快樂!“我有的這張比我預(yù)想的還要好。我得不到的那張，其實不怎么樣?！边@就是人工合成的快樂。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

now, what’s the right response to that?yeah, right!now, here’s the e_periment we did,and i hope this is going to convince youthat 'yeah, right!'was not the right response.

現(xiàn)在你怎么想呢?“哦，是吧!”這是我們做的實驗。我希望這個實驗?zāi)軌蜃屇阆嘈拧芭?，是?”不是正確的答案。

we did this e_periment with a group of patientswho had anterograde amnesia.these are hospitalized patients.most of them have korsakoff’s syndrome,a polyneuritic psychosis.they drank way too much,and they can’t make new memories.ok? they remember their childhood,but if you walk in and introduce yourself,and then leave the room,when you come back,they don’t know who you are.

我們跟患有健忘癥的病人做了同樣的實驗。這些都是住院病人。大多數(shù)人都患有柯薩可夫(korsakoff)綜合征，這是一種由于飲酒過度而造成的多發(fā)神經(jīng)炎精神癥?；颊哂洸蛔⌒掳l(fā)生的事情。明白嗎?他們能記得他們的童年，但是如果你自我介紹，然后離開房間，當(dāng)你很快回到他們身邊時，他們不會記得你是誰。

we took our monet prints to the hospital.and we asked these patients to rank themfrom the one they liked the most to the one they liked the least.we then gave them the choice between number three and number four.like everybody else, they said,gee, thanks doc! that’s great!i could use a new print.i’ll take number three.'we e_plained we would have number three mailed to them.we gathered up our materials and we went out of the room,and counted to a half hour.

我們把莫奈的畫拿到醫(yī)院去。讓病人們來對他們按照喜愛的程度排序。然后我們讓他們選擇三號或者四號畫。像很多人一樣，他們說：“哇，真太好了! 謝謝你。 我有一幅新的畫了。我要三號。”我們解釋說，我們會把三號郵寄給他們。然后我們收起東西，離開了病人的房間。半個小時后，

(laughter)

(笑聲)

back into the room,we say, 'hi, we’re back.'the patients, bless them,say, 'ah, doc, i’m sorry,i’ve got a memory problem;that’s why i’m here.if i’ve met you before, i don’t remember.'really, you don’t remember?i was just here with the monet prints?sorry, doc, i just don’t have a clue.no problem, jim. all i want you to do is rank these for mefrom the one you like the most to the one you like the least.'

我們回去：“嘿，我們回來了?！辈∪藗冋f：“啊，醫(yī)生，非常抱歉，我有一點記憶的毛病，所以才住院的。如果我們見過面，我恐怕不能記得了?！薄芭叮菃?，吉姆，你不記得了?我剛剛帶了幾幅莫奈的畫到這兒來的。”“對不起，醫(yī)生，我真的不記得了?！薄皼]關(guān)系，吉姆。我只是想讓你把這些畫按照你喜愛的程度排序?！?/p>

what do they do?well, let’s first check and make sure they’re really amnesiac.we ask these amnesiac patients to tell us which one they own,which one they chose last time, which one is theirs.and what we find is amnesiac patients just guess.these are normal controls,where if i did this with you,all of you would know which print you chose.but if i do this with amnesiac patients,they don’t have a clue.they can’t pick their print out of a lineup.

他們怎么做了?先讓我們確認(rèn)他們是真的患有健忘癥。我們讓這些病人告訴我們他們有哪幅畫，他們上次選了哪幅畫，哪幅是他們的。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)健忘癥病人純粹在猜。如果是正常對照者，如果我這樣問你你們都記得你選擇了那幅畫。但是這些健忘癥病人，他們一點都不記得了。他們不能從一堆畫中選出我送他們的那張。

here’s what normal controls do:they synthesize happiness.right? this is the change in liking score,the change from the first time they ranked to the second time they ranked.normal controls show -- that was the magic i showed you;now i’m showing it to you in graphical form --the one i own is better than i thought.the one i didn’t own,the one i left behind,is not as good as i thought.'amnesiacs do e_actly the same thing.think about this result.

這是一般人做的：他們?nèi)斯ず铣煽鞓?。是?這是喜愛程度的變化。第一次排序到第二次排序的變化。平常人的數(shù)據(jù)顯示--這正是我要向你們展示的‘魔法’現(xiàn)在我們用圖形來顯示這個變化?！拔矣械谋任蚁氲倪€好。我沒擁有的，其實并不怎么樣?！苯⊥Y病人也做了同樣的事。想想這個結(jié)果。

these people like better the one they own,but they don’t know they own it.yeah, right is not the right response!what these people did when they synthesized happinessis they really, truly changedtheir affective, hedonic, aesthetic reactions to that poster.they’re not just saying it because they own it,because they don’t know they own it.

這些病人更喜歡他們有的，雖然他們并不知道自己擁有這個?！芭?，真的嗎?”-你對此表示不屑?當(dāng)人們合成快樂時，他們真正的，真實的從感情上和審美角度上改變了對那幅畫的看法。他們這么說不僅僅是因為他們擁有這幅畫，他們其實并不記得自己有那幅畫。

when psychologists show you bars,you know that they are showing you averages of lots of people.and yet, all of us have this psychological immune system,this capacity to synthesize happiness,but some of us do this trick better than others.and some situations allow anybody to do it more effectivelythan other situations do.it turns out that freedom,the ability to make up your mind and change your mind,is the friend of natural happiness,because it allows you to chooseamong all those delicious futuresand find the one that you would most enjoy.but freedom to choose,to change and make up your mind,is the enemy of synthetic happiness.

現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)心理學(xué)家給你們看這些圖形，你知道他們是在顯示平均數(shù)據(jù)。我們大家都有這個心理免疫系統(tǒng)，和人工合成快樂的能力。但是我們中的一些人比另外一些人對這樣的竅門掌握的更好。同時，人們的心理免疫系統(tǒng)在某些特定環(huán)境下能比在其他情況下運行的更有效。自由，決斷力和改變決定的能力是幫助我們獲得天然快樂的朋友。它能讓你從各種可能情況中選擇你最喜歡的那種。但是自由選擇決斷力和改變決定的能力-是人工合成快樂的敵人。

and i’m going to show you why.dilbert already knows, of course.dogbert’s tech support.how may i abuse you?my printer prints a blank page after every document.why complain about getting free paper?free? aren’t you just giving me my own paper?look at the quality of the free paper compared to your lousy regular paper!only a fool or a liar would say that they look the same!'now that you mention it,it does seem a little silkier!what are you doing?i’m helping people accept the things they cannot change. indeed.

我來解釋這是為什么。當(dāng)然，呆伯特(dilbert)已經(jīng)知道了。你一邊看卡通，一邊聽我說。“dogbert技術(shù)支持中心。我該怎么說你?”“我的打印機(jī)在每個文件打印完畢后都會出一張白紙?！薄澳銥槭裁匆г沟玫矫赓M的紙呢?”“免費的?這本來就是我的紙啊?”“哎，老兄，看看這些免費的紙的質(zhì)量和那些普通的紙!只有傻子和騙子才會說它們是一樣的?！薄鞍?在你說了之后，這些紙看上去是要光滑一些?！薄澳阍诟墒裁?”“我在幫助這些人接受他們不能改變的現(xiàn)實?！钡拇_是這樣。

the psychological immune system works bestwhen we are totally stuck, when we are trapped.this is the difference between dating and marriage.you go out on a date with a guy,and he picks his nose; you don’t go out on another date.you’re married to a guy and he picks his nose?he has a heart of gold.don’t touch the fruitcake!you find a way to be happy with what’s happened.

心理免疫系統(tǒng)在我們沒有其他選擇時最有效。這就是約會和婚姻的區(qū)別，是吧?你出去和一個男人約會，他扣扣鼻孔，你就不會跟他在約會了。如果你們結(jié)婚了，他扣扣鼻孔。嗯， 他有金子一般的心。別動那個水果蛋糕。是吧?你自我開導(dǎo)，滿于現(xiàn)狀。

(laughter)

(笑聲)

now, what i want to show youis that people don’t know this about themselves,and not knowing this can work to our supreme disadvantage.

現(xiàn)在我告訴你，如果人們不了解自己，不知道他們有這個心理免疫系統(tǒng)，他們可能做一些很錯誤的決定。

here’s an e_periment we did at harvard.we created a black-and-white photography course,and we allowed students to come in and learn how to use a darkroom.so we gave them cameras;they went around campus;they took 12 pictures of their favorite professorsand their dorm room and their dog,and all the other things they wanted to have harvard memories of.they bring us the camera;we make up a contact sheet;they figure out which are the two best pictures;and we now spend si_ hours teaching them about darkrooms.and they blow two of them up,and they have two gorgeous eight-by-10 glossiesof meaningful things to them, and we say,which one would you like to give up?i have to give one up?yes, we need one as evidence of the class project.so you have to give me one.you have to make a choice.you get to keep one,and i get to keep one.'

這是我們在哈佛大學(xué)做的一個實驗。我們開設(shè)了黑白攝影課程。學(xué)生們來學(xué)習(xí)如何使用暗室。我們給他們相機(jī)。他們在校園中采景。每人能拍12張照片。他們拍了他們最喜歡的教授，寢室，他們的狗等等。任何留給他們哈佛回憶的東西，都可以拍。然后他們把相機(jī)給我們。我們做了一個膠片印出的小樣。他們選出最好的兩張。然后我們用了6個小時教他們?nèi)绾问褂冒凳?。他們自己把兩張照片映出來。他們有了兩張極有紀(jì)念意義的8_10的照片。我們問“哪一張你不要?”他們問：“我不能兩張都要嗎?”“噢，不能。我們需要一張來留底。因此你必須放棄一張。你一定要做一個決定。你留一張，我留一張?！?/p>

now, there are two conditions in this e_periment.in one case, the students are told,but you know,if you want to change your mind,i’ll always have the other one here,and in the ne_t four days, before i actually mail it to headquarters' --yeah, 'headquarters' --i’ll be glad to swap it out with you.in fact, i’ll come to your dorm room,just give me an email.better yet, i’ll check with you.you ever want to change your mind,it’s totally returnable.'the other half of the students are told e_actly the opposite:make your choice, and by the way,the mail is going out, gosh,in two minutes, to england.your picture will be winging its way over the atlantic.you will never see it again.'half of the students in each of these conditionsare asked to make predictionsabout how much they’re going to come to like the picture that they keepand the picture they leave behind.other students are just sent back to their little dorm roomsand they are measured over the ne_t three to si_ dayson their liking, satisfaction with the pictures.and look at what we find.

現(xiàn)在，這個實驗又分為兩種。第一種情況，學(xué)生們被告知，“你知道，如果你改變了主意，另外一張還在我這里。我要四天以后才把這些照片寄到總部去。我很樂意。是的，“總部”。我很樂意跟你換。事實上，我會把照片送到你的寢室來換，只要發(fā)電郵給我就行了?；蛘呶視?lián)系你。只要你改變了主意，我們可以換照片?！逼渌膶W(xué)生被告知的正好相反：“選一張照片。順便說一下，另外一張照片馬上就要寄到英國去。你的照片要漂洋過海。你再也見不到它了?！比缓?， 我們讓每組中一半的學(xué)生來預(yù)測他們對留下的照片和送走的照片的喜愛程度會如何。其他的學(xué)生回到他們的寢室。我們測量了在后來的三到六天之中，他們對照片的喜愛和滿意程度?？纯次覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)了什么。

first of all, here’s what students think is going to happen.they think they’re going to maybe come to like the picture they chosea little more than the one they left behind,but these are not statistically significant differences.it’s a very small increase,and it doesn’t much matterwhether they were in the reversible or irreversible condition.

首先，這里是學(xué)生們覺得事情會怎樣。他們想他們可能會更喜歡他們選擇的照片，而不是留給我們的那一張。但是這算不上是統(tǒng)計上的顯著差異。差異很小，能不能換照片影響并不大。

wrong-o. bad simulators. because here’s what’s really happening.both right before the swap and five days later,people who are stuck with that picture,who have no choice,who can never change their mind,like it a lot!and people who are deliberating -- 'should i return it?have i gotten the right one? maybe this isn’t the good one?maybe i left the good one?' -- have killed themselves.they don’t like their picture,and in fact even after the opportunity to swap has e_pired,they still don’t like their picture.why?because the [reversible] condition is not conduciveto the synthesis of happiness.

錯啦!這一次模擬器工作得很不好!實際上，在交換以前和5天后，那些沒有交換權(quán)，不能選擇,不能更改決定的學(xué)生，非常喜歡他們的照片。另外的學(xué)生則在深思熟慮?！拔覒?yīng)該換照片嗎?我選了好的那張嗎?也許這張并不好?交給老師的那張或許更好?”這些問題簡直折磨人。他們不喜歡他們的照片。事實上，甚至在交換期結(jié)束后，他們還是不喜歡自己的照片。為什么?因為可逆轉(zhuǎn)的選擇不利于人工合成的快樂。

so here’s the final piece of this e_periment.we bring in a whole new group of naive harvard studentsand we say, 'you know,we’re doing a photography course,and we can do it one of two ways.we could do it so that when you take the two pictures,you’d have four days to change your mind,or we’re doing another course where you take the two picturesand you make up your mind right away and you can never change it.which course would you like to be in?' duh!66 percent of the students, two-thirds,prefer to be in the course where they have the opportunity to change their mind.hello? 66 percent of the students choose to be in the coursein which they will ultimately be deeply dissatisfied with the picture.because they do not know the conditions under which synthetic happiness grows.

這里是這個實驗的最后一部分。我們找了新的一批天真的哈佛學(xué)生。我們告訴他們：“我們將開設(shè)攝影課程，我們有兩種方案。一是你拍兩張照片，然后有四天來選擇保留哪張照片。另外一種是你拍攝兩張照片，然后當(dāng)機(jī)立斷做選擇。一但做了選擇，你就不能更改。你愿意選擇那種方式?”啊! 66%的學(xué)生，差不多三分之二更愿意加入那個可以改變選擇的。喂!66%的學(xué)生選擇了那個讓他們最終將非常不滿意照片的方案。因為他們不知道在什么條件下，人工合成快樂有效。

the bard said everything best,of course, and he’s making my point herebut he’s making it hyperbolically:tis nothing good or bad / but thinking makes it so.it’s nice poetry,but that can’t e_actly be right.is there really nothing good or bad?is it really the case that gall bladder surgery and a trip to parisare just the same thing?(laughter)that seems like a one-question iq test.they can’t be e_actly the same.

莎士比亞說的正好反映了我的看法。他說的有點夸張?！笆聼o善惡.思想使然?！边@是美麗的詩句，但是并不一定全對。事真的無善惡之分嗎?膽囊手術(shù)真的和到巴黎旅行一樣嗎?(笑聲)這聽上去想一個iq測試題。他們并不完全一樣。

in more turgid prose,but closer to the truth,was the father of modern capitalism,adam smith, and he said this.this is worth contemplating:the great source of both the misery and disorders of human lifeseems to arise from overrating the differencebetween one permanent situation and another --some of these situations may, no doubt,deserve to be preferred to others,but none of them can deserve to be pursuedwith that passionate ardor which drives us to violate the ruleseither of prudence or of justice,or to corrupt the future tranquility of our minds,either by shame from the remembrance of our own folly,or by remorse for the horror of our own injustice.'in other words: yes, some things are better than others.

現(xiàn)代資本主義之父，亞當(dāng)·斯密(adam smith)， 用浮華卻更貼近事實的語言闡述如下。這是值得思考的?！叭松械谋瘎∨c無序之源，似乎皆來源于人們過高地評估某種時局，誠然，某些時局確實值得人們追求，但是，不管這種追求有多大的合理性，我們都不可因這種癡情的追求而打破謹(jǐn)慎、公正的法則，亦不可破壞我們未來的心境。因為假如我們真的那么做，我們必有一天會憶及當(dāng)日的愚昧，或者是因為自己曾經(jīng)的偏私而感到后悔?！庇昧硪痪湓捳f：沒錯，生活中確實存在某些事物比別的事物更有價值，

we should have preferences that lead us into one future over another.but when those preferences drive us too hard and too fastbecause we have overrated the difference between these futures,we are at risk.when our ambition is bounded, it leads us to work joyfully.when our ambition is unbounded,it leads us to lie, to cheat, to steal, to hurt others,to sacrifice things of real value.when our fears are bounded,we’re prudent, we’re cautious,we’re thoughtful.when our fears are unbounded and overblown,we’re reckless, and we’re cowardly.

我們確實應(yīng)該追求價值更高的東西。但是，假如我們過分看重不同選擇之間的差異，因而拼命的追求我們想要的東西時，我們就可能面臨危險。當(dāng)我們的追求不是無節(jié)制的時候，我們可以生活的快樂。當(dāng)我們的追求不受節(jié)制的時候，我們會生活得很痛苦，甚至?xí)テ墼p，偷竊，傷害他人，更甚至是犧牲真正有價值的東西。當(dāng)我們畏懼受控制時，我們會行事謹(jǐn)慎、三思而后行。當(dāng)我們的畏懼失去節(jié)制并無限膨脹的時候，我們會變得魯莽大意，或者膽小如鼠。

the lesson i want to leave you with, from these data,is that our longings and our worries are both to some degree overblown,because we have within us the capacity to manufacture the very commoditywe are constantly chasing when we choose e_perience.

最后用一句話來概括我們從這些數(shù)據(jù)中學(xué)到的東西：我們每個人的期望與擔(dān)憂在一定程度上都被夸大了，通過選擇感受，我們自己可以生產(chǎn)出我們所不懈追求的那樣?xùn)|西。

thank you.(applause)

謝謝。(掌聲)