第1篇 英國財政大臣奧斯本在長官邸年度銀行家宴會英語演講稿
my lord mayor, ladies and gentlemen, it is again an honour to attend this wonderful dinner and to speak to you as chancellor for the fifth time.
lord mayor, i remember coming here to mansion house, just weeks after the government wasformed in 2022 – with britain on the brink of an economic crisis – to give my first major speechon the task ahead.
i set out for you the economic plan we would follow, and i drew on the words winston churchillhad uttered in this very hall, to say that while britain could not pretend our travails were at anend, we were at least at the end of the beginning.
in the four years since, supported by the resolution and sacrifice of the british people, wehave worked through that plan.
now we are starting to see the results:
britain growing faster than any advanced economy in the world.
a record number of people in work.
now strong business investment on the back of low business ta_es.
and a budget deficit this year set to be half what it was.
last week, the imf said that our resolute fiscal policy had been in their words an ‘anchor forthe british economy’ that had maintained confidence and stability in the face of the storm.
and i want to say to the business and financial community: you did not waver; you stuck withus and i thank you.
but the task is far from complete; and there are many risks to the progress we have made.
abroad, the risks stem from the weak eurozone, unpredictable geopolitics and the slowdownin some emerging markets.
at home, our economy is still too unbalanced, so i am the first to say we need to continue ourefforts to boost business investment, e_ports and housing supply.
but the biggest risk comes from the tendency in parts of our body politics – the left and nowtoo the populist right – to wage a war on enterprise, regulate prices, propose penal ta_es,close britain to business and return to the old ways of borrow and spend.
we must win this battle.
and go on confronting britain’s problems with long term answers that will build an economy foreveryone.
so while i know this is my fifth speech to you as chancellor; i hope it is not my last.
for i want to finish the job.
lord mayor, tonight we are joined by someone attending their first mansion house dinner.
our governor of the bank of england.
mark, we all thank you for the integrity, intelligence and international reach you have broughtto the challenges of the last year.
and we look forward to what you have to say.
our 3 new deputy governors – jon cunliffe, ben broadbent and minouche shafik, together withandrew bailey, complete what i immodestly think is the strongest team of any central bank inthe world.
the court continues the oversight of the bank’s work, and at the end of this month anthonyhabgood will replace david lees as its chair.
david, thank you for helping steer the bank through the big reforms of recent years and theappointment of a new governor.
and thank you too to charlie bean for the 6 years he has given our nation as deputy governor.
we are lucky that one of our greatest economists has chosen to dedicate his life to publicservice for so long.
the bank of england now sits back where it belongs, at the heart of our financial system –supervising the prudential regulation of our banks and insurers, thanks to the reforms iannounced in my first speech here at the mansion house in 2022.
and in each speech since, i have set out new steps to strengthen the resilience of oureconomy and the financing that underpins it.
2022, ringfencing our retail banks
2022, launching funding for lending
last year, restructuring the royal bank of scotland and firing the starting gun on the sale ofour stake in lloyds.
it would be tempting this year, at the mansion house, to pause for breath.
but our task is far from complete – and today i will announce further changes to build thatresilient economy for all and the strong, competitive financial services that should contributeto it.
lord mayor, the city of london has emerged from the wreckage of what went so badly wrong,stronger and better regulated, more international and more responsive to the needs ofcustomers here at home.
our financial e_ports grew 10% last year, and our surplus in finance and insurance hasreached £45 billion – twice as much as our closest competitors.
we’ve welcomed to britain the headquarters of some of the world’s largest insurance firms.
and we have been chosen as the location for the international forum of the world’s sovereignwealth funds.
in my first mansion house speech, i said i wanted british financial firms and markets to be atthe heart of financing china’s e_traordinary e_pansion.
now two thirds of all renminbi payments outside of china and hong kong now take place inlondon.
chinese bonds are being issued here, chinese assets are being managed here, chinese bankswill be able to apply for branches here, a chinese clearing bank is soon to be appointed here -and ne_t week, when the chinese premier visits, we will take the ne_t big step forward in theeconomic partnership of our two great, historic trading nations.
i can also confirm tonight our intention in the ne_t few weeks, subject to market conditions,for britain to be the first western nation to issue a sovereign sukuk – an islamic bond.
for i want britain to be not just the western hub of chinese finance – but of islamic financetoo.
it is with these active steps that together we are making britain the undisputed centre of theglobal financial system.
but all this can so easily be put at risk.
by badly-conceived eu rules that only reinforce the case for reform in europe.
by populist proposals for self-defeating bonus ta_es and punitive income ta_ rates.
and by the potential break up of our nation.
edinburgh is even stronger as a world-renowned centre for asset management because it ispart of a united kingdom that is a world-renowned centre of finance.
and let us hope it remains so, for we are better together.
we should be candid tonight about another risk.
the risk that scandals on our trading floors call into question the integrity of our financialmarkets.
people should know that when they trade in london, whether in commodities or currencies orfi_ed income instruments, that they are trading in markets that are fair and effective.
the revelations about the manipulation of libor added further damage to reputation offinancial services, here and abroad.
in britain, thanks to the leadership of martin wheatley and andrew tyrie, we acted swiftly topunish the wrongdoers and fi_ the system.
let us not wait for the ne_t wave of scandals in financial markets to hit us before we respond.
the integrity of these markets matters to us. london is home to 40% of the global foreigne_change business; 45% of over-the-counter derivatives trading; and 70% of trading ininternational bonds. and mark carney and i intend to keep it that way.
so today i can announce that the treasury, the bank of england and the financial conductauthority will conduct a comprehensive review of standards in our fi_ed income, currency andcommodity markets.
the fair and effective markets review will be chaired by the new deputy governor, and formerdeputy managing director of the imf, minouche shafik – and she will be joined by martinwheatley and charles ro_burgh.
this review must work closely with industry. so i am establishing a panel of marketpractitioners, chaired by elizabeth corley, chief e_ecutive of allianz global investors.
the review will produce its report in a year’s time.
and some of its recommendations may require international agreement.
in the meantime, we will act here at home.
i am today announcing that we will e_tend the new powers we put in place to regulate liborto cover further major benchmarks across foreign e_change, commodity and fi_ed incomemarkets – many of which are currently entirely unregulated.
based on the review’s conclusions we will publish and consult on the full list of benchmarks tobe covered by this autumn, and we will have the new regime in place by the end of the year.
i am also e_tending the senior managers regime to cover all banks that operate in thiscountry, including the branches of foreign banks.
and i can also announce that we will introduce tough new domestic criminal offences formarket abuse, rather than opt into european rules we do not think suitable or sufficient forour needs.
for let me make this clear, so no one is in any doubt.
the integrity of the city matters to the economy of britain.
markets here set the interest rates for people’s mortgages, the e_change rates for our e_portsand holidays, and the commodity prices for the goods we buy.
i am going to deal with abuses, tackle the unacceptable behaviour of the few, and ensure thatmarkets are fair for the many who depend on them.
we’re not going to wait for more scandals to hit– instead we are going to act now, and getahead.ladies and gentlemen,
robust financial markets are an important part of building a resilient economy.
but tonight, i want to address another market which can create a risk to britain’s economicstability and prosperity.
not a new risk, but an old and very familiar one to us in this country – and that’s our housingmarket.
the challenge is that we want several things which don’t sit comfortably together.
for most people, their home is the biggest investment of their lifetime. and, of course, theywant that asset to increase in value over time.
but a home is also a place to live and build our lives – and we want all families to be able toafford security, comfort and peace of mind. that means homes have to be affordable –whether you’re renting or buying.
the only way that can be achieved over the long term is by building more, so supply bettermatches demand.
but we are a small and crowded island, keen to protect our green spaces and ready to objectto new development.
so the british people want our homes to go up in value, but also remain affordable; and wewant more homes built, just not ne_t to us.
you can see why no one has managed yet to solve the problems of britain’s housing market.
instead we have the repeated cycle of financial instability driven by high household debt; andwe see the social injustice of millions of families denied good homes.
but that should not deter our generation from trying to fi_ the housing challenge – for theprice of failure is too high.
so my message today is this.
as chancellor, i have never shied away from confronting britain’s problems.
the housing market is no e_ception.
i’m determined to back aspiration in every way i can, including the aspiration to own yourown home.
but i’m not going to opt for the easy route of some of my recent predecessors: duck the issues,risk a housing boom, and keep my fingers crossed that it won’t damage the economy.
so no irresponsible gambles with stability; no short-term fi_es.
housing is a long term problem – and our economic plan will provide long term answers.
here’s how.
first, we have to be clear-eyed about where the risks to economic stability lie today.
the risks come when people borrow too much to pay for rising house prices.
in e_cess, that debt can cause serious difficulties for them and the banks who lent to them.
and it can cause difficulties for the economy as a whole if an overhang of debt suppressesconsumer spending.
now, today, house prices are still lower in real terms than they were in 2022 – and are forecastto stay below that peak for some years to come.
at the same time debt-servicing costs remain at near record lows and rental yields are in linewith long term trends.
so there is no immediate cause for alarm.
indeed the most recent data shows that mortgage approvals have actually slowed in the lastcouple of months.
but we need to be vigilant.
for there are on the horizon things that should give us some causes for concern.
if london prices were to continue growing at these rates that would be too fast for comfort.
and the rate of price rises is now beginning to spread beyond london. across the country, theratio of house prices to incomes is high by historical standards.
and while average loan to value ratios for new lending are still well below normal, average loanto income ratios have risen to new highs.
let me spell it out: does the housing market pose an immediate threat to financial stabilitytoday? no, it doesn’t.
could it in the future? yes, it could, especially if we don’t learn the lessons of the past.
so we act now to insure ourselves against future problems before they can materialise.
because economic security comes first.
the first challenge is to be clear about the issue, and we are.
the second is to act on it.
when i spoke to you in 2022, i said one of the weaknesses of the system of financialregulation i’d inherited was that no one was looking for broader risks across the economy, inareas like housing.
so no one saw the rising debt levels – or had the tools to do anything about them.
i have changed that.
the new financial policy committee in the bank of england has been given the authority andthe macro-prudential tools to act.
they have also insisted on the toughest stress tests for our banks, so that this time round theycan withstand the worst.
before christmas, the bank acted with the treasury to refocus the funding for lendingscheme away from mortgages towards small business lending.
and earlier this year, our regulators put much more rigorous mortgage standards in place.
these are all important steps.
the fpc already have further tools in their armoury. but today we go further.
i want to make sure that the bank of england has all the weapons it needs to guard againstrisks in the housing market.
i want to protect those who own homes, protect those who aspire to own a home, and protectthe millions who suffer when boom turns to bust.
so today, i am giving the bank new powers over mortgages including over the size ofmortgage loans as a share of family incomes or the value of the house.
in other words, if the bank of england thinks some borrowers are being offered e_cessiveamounts of debt, they can limit the proportion of high loan to income mortgages each bankcan lend, or even ban all new lending above a specific loan to income ratio.
and if they really think a dangerous housing bubble is developing, they will be able to imposesimilar caps on loan to value ratios – as they do in places like hong kong.
it’s important that decisions to use these powerful tools are made independently of politics bythe bank of england.
we saw from the last crisis the dangerous temptations for politicians to leave the punch bowlwhere it is and keep the party going on too long. and just in case there is any doubt.
i say today, very clearly: the bank of england should not hesitate to use these new powers ifthey think it necessary to protect financial stability.
and i commit that while the bank and the treasury will need to design how these powers willwork in detail, and will want to consult on them, i will make sure that they are legislated forand in place before the end of the parliament.
and i also commit today that if the bank does act in future to limit mortgage lending then thesame rules will be applied to every single help to buy mortgage.
i know that some would take a more ideological position and end the help to buy schemealtogether.
they would return to the situation where only those first time buyers lucky enough to have richparents would be able to afford the large deposits demanded by the banks.
my approach will be dictated by the facts, not by ideology.
and the facts show that help to buy is working as intended.
as the imf concluded last week, it is helping lower income families, overwhelmingly first-timebuyers outside london, to buy homes priced well below the national average.
it is not fuelling house price inflation in london or at the top of the market.
it is helping families, and that is how we intend to keep it.
so today i’ve taken big new steps to protect financial stability, strengthen the new role ofthe bank of england and completed the range of tools at their disposal.
this addresses the economic problem of how we stop rising house prices leading to anunsustainable rise in household indebtedness, and threatening the wider economy.
but it does not address the social problem of how we stop young families being priced out ofthe housing market altogether.
that requires a third pillar to our housing strategy, alongside the clear analysis and newfinancial weapons.
we need to see a lot more homes being built in britain.
the growing demand for housing has to be met by growing supply.
the alternative, as in any market, is that prices will rise so that homes become unaffordable tomany of our citizens and take up ever more of their incomes.
we’ve already taken big steps to deliver those new homes.
we’ve reformed our antiquated planning system.
the changes were hard –fought and controversial, like all things worth battling for in politics,and now they are already starting to work.
last week we saw permissions for new homes rising by 20% in a year.
we’ve got the biggest programme of new social housing in a generation; we’re regeneratingthe worst of our housing estates; and we’ve got the first garden city for almost a centuryunderway in ebbsfleet.
now we need to do more. much more.
we have beautiful landscapes, and they too are part of the inheritance of the ne_t generation.to preserve them, we must make other compromises.
if we want to limit development on important green spaces, we have to remove all theobstacles that remain to development on brown field sites.
today we do that with these radical steps.
councils will be required to put local development orders on over 90% of brownfield sites thatare suitable for housing.
this urban planning revolution will mean that in effect development on these sites will bepre-approved – local authorities will be able to specify the type of housing, not whether thereis housing.
and it will mean planning permission for up to 200,000 new homes – while at the same timeprotecting our green spaces.
tomorrow, boris johnson and i will jointly set out plans for new housing zones across londonbacked by new infrastructure, so that we see thousands of new homes for london families.
and we’ll take the same approach in the rest of the country; with almost half a billion poundsof financial assistance in total set aside to make it work.
now i suspect there will be people who object to new building, even on the brownfields of ourcities.
but let me be clear.
i will not stand by and allow this generation, many of whom have been fortunate enough toown their own home, to say to the ne_t generation: we’re pulling up the property ladderbehind us.
so we will build the houses britain needs so that more families can have the economic securitythat comes with home ownership.
and today i will give the bank of england the powers it needs over mortgages, so that britain’seconomic stability always comes first. and that is what our long term economic plan isdelivering.
lord mayor, ladies and gentlemen,
insisting on the integrity of our financial markets.
confronting the risks from our housing market.
tackling the long term challenge of housing supply.
these are the further actions i take today to ensure that we learn from the mistakes of the pastand build a resilient economy for all.
these last four years have required difficult decisions.
we embarked on the hard task of rebuilding our economy; and making sure our country couldpay its way in the world.
that task is not complete.
our national prosperity is not yet secure.
but if we carry on working through our long term economic plan then we can say withconfidence that brighter days lie ahead.
第2篇 世界銀行行長金辰勇在華盛頓大學英語演講稿
president knapp, dean brown, distinguished faculty, students, and guests,
史蒂文·納普校長、布朗院長、尊敬的各位老師、同學們、各位來賓：
thank you for hosting me here today. it is a privilege to be with you to talk about the challenges before us in the world – and how the world bank group is working to become as effective as possible in improving the lives of the poor and vulnerable.
感謝各位今天的接待。我很榮幸來到這里，談一談我們在世界上面臨的挑戰(zhàn)，以及世界銀行集團如何竭盡全力有效地改善貧困和弱勢人群的生活。
when we look across the world today and think about the most pressing issues, the ongoing fiscal uncertainty in the united states greatly concerns us. our hope is that policymakers resolve these issues soon. this uncertainty, combined with other sources of volatility in the global economy, could do great damage to emerging markets and developing countries in africa, asia, and latin america that have lifted millions of people out of poverty in recent years.
今天，當我們縱觀世界、思考最重要的議題時，圍繞美國財政形勢的不確定性讓我們非常關注。我們希望政策制訂者們能夠盡快解決這個問題。非洲、亞洲、拉丁美洲的新興市場和發(fā)展中國家近年有千百萬人擺脫了貧困，但美國財政形勢的不確定性以及導致全球經濟波動的其他一些因素可能給它們帶來損害。
we also can’t help but focus on the upheaval that is taking place in the middle east. syria is now in its 30th month of war and the toll has been horrific. more than 100,000 people have been killed, 4 million people have been displaced and another 2 million syrians have fled and become refugees in neighboring countries, adding great burdens to jordan and lebanon in particular. the fighting continues within syria, and the impact of broken lives and broken economies only grows by the day.
我們也無法不關注中東正在發(fā)生的動亂。敘利亞目前已進入戰(zhàn)爭的第30個月，造成的傷亡損失令人驚懼。在戰(zhàn)亂中10多萬人被殺，400萬人流離失所，還有200萬敘利亞人逃離家園，成為鄰國的難民，尤其是給約旦和黎巴嫩帶來了沉重的負擔。敘利亞境內戰(zhàn)亂還在繼續(xù)，對生活和經濟造成的破壞日甚一日。
we should not avert our gaze from the middle east. the world bank group has been playing several roles. at times, we are in the backrooms with diplomats and at others we are on the frontlines with humanitarian aid workers. always, we are working with governments, or companies, or civil society groups to help build strong and sustainable foundations for development. this supports the livelihoods of millions of people in the middle east, and billions more around the world, who aspire to good jobs, a good education, and access to quality health care.
我們不應對中東局勢視而不見。世界銀行集團中東發(fā)揮著多種作用。有時候，我們同外交官和其他人商談于密室，有時候我們同人道主義援助人員戰(zhàn)斗在前線。我們總是在和政府、或者和企業(yè)、或者和民間團體協力合作，為發(fā)展事業(yè)建造牢固和可持續(xù)的基礎。這些工作支持著中東千百萬人民乃至全世界數十億人的生計——他們都希望有良好的工作、良好的教育和優(yōu)質的醫(yī)療保健。
a critical part of our work is in countries emerging from conflict, affected by conflict, or stuck in a persistent state of fragility. as we know all too well, when a country remains in a long state of fragility, conflict often erupts. the world bank group and the wider global community need to confront the comple_ institutional and social challenges in these fragile states, because the cost of inaction is high and the reward of well-designed interventions is great. when we have the opportunity to build institutions, infrastructure, and human capacity in fragile states, or when we can put together a deal that brings in desperately needed private sector investment, we must seize it. when we fail to help countries develop in a way that is inclusive or fail to help countries build strong governance, we are all affected by the result, which is often a country engulfed in flames, as is syria today.
我們工作中非常重要的一部分是在剛結束沖突、受沖突影響或者長期陷于脆弱狀況的國家。眾所周知，當一個國家長期處于脆弱狀況時，沖突往往一觸即發(fā)。世界銀行集團乃至國際社會需要在這些脆弱國家直面復雜的制度和社會挑戰(zhàn)，原因是無所事事的代價高昂，而設計周密的干預措施則收效巨大。當我們有機會在脆弱國家進行制度、基礎設施和能力建設時，或者當我們能夠達成一項協議引進急需的私營部門投資時，我們必須抓住機遇。當我們未能幫助國家實現包容性發(fā)展時，或者未能幫助國家建立強有力的治理結構時，其后果會影響所有人——往往是一個國家陷入戰(zhàn)火，就像今天的敘利亞。
drivers of conflict
沖突的驅動因素
in the middle east, most of the countries e_perienced relatively strong growth of 4 to 5 percent a year in the decade before the arab spring. yet serious problems were lurking below the surface. an increasingly educated young middle class was frustrated that the few available jobs were reserved for those with more connections than talent. the private sector operated by earning privileges from the state, leading to a form of crony capitalism that only helped a few, and undermined e_ports and jobs.
在中東，大多數國家在阿拉伯之春之前的2022年都經歷過4%或5%的相對強勁增長。然而，外表下隱藏著嚴重的問題。年輕的中間階層受教育程度越來越高，令他們沮喪的是稀少的就業(yè)機會都留給了那些有關系而不是有才能的人。私營部門的運作要依靠政府提供的特權，形成一種只有利于少數人的裙帶資本主義，對出口和就業(yè)造成破壞。
the inequities – and the anger – filtered even to the very young. when a million people poured into tahrir square in cairo in 2022 to protest their government, the children of the protesters held protests of their own in classrooms. they demanded better instruction. this is what happens when prosperity is reserved for a select few. all of those left out feel deeply, the burn of inequity.
不平等和憤怒甚至滲透到少年兒童中。2022年當100萬人涌入開羅的解放廣場抗議政府的時候，抗議者的孩子們也在他們自己的教室舉行抗議活動。他們要求改進教學。當繁榮有選擇地保留給少數人，這就是結果。所有那些被遺漏的人都深感到不公平的傷害。
the ongoing crises have left many middle eastern countries with a triple challenge. first is restoring macroeconomic stability; second is reforming their economies to meet the high e_pectations of the people who marched in the streets; and third is managing the transition to new constitutions and more open, contested, multiparty elections. these challenges would be daunting for any single country. but they have all come together in one region. that makes it all the more important for the international community to marshal its resources to support those brave women and men who risked their lives to demand the basic human dignity that is their due.
目前的危機令眾多中東國家面臨三重挑戰(zhàn)。第一是恢復宏觀經濟穩(wěn)定;第二是改革經濟以滿足上街抗議的人民的期望;第三是管理好向新憲法和更公開的、有爭議的、多黨制的選舉過渡。這些挑戰(zhàn)對于任何一個國家都是巨大的，但三重挑戰(zhàn)同時降臨一個地區(qū)，就使得國際社會集結資源來援助這些冒著生命危險要求得到應得的基本人類尊嚴的勇敢男女們顯得愈發(fā)重要。
that also makes it important to come to the aid of jordan and lebanon today. the world bank provided $150 million in emergency aid to jordan just a few months ago, and we just completed a comprehensive economic and social impact assessment of lebanon that found the country has lost billions of dollars due to the war in syria.
這也使得今天對約旦和黎巴嫩伸出援助之手十分重要。世界銀行幾個月前向約旦提供了1.5億美元的緊急援助，我們也剛剛完成了對黎巴嫩的全面的經濟和社會影響評估，發(fā)現敘利亞內戰(zhàn)導致黎巴嫩損失了數十億美元。
lebanon now hosts more than 760,000 syrian refugees, which could be likened to 56 million refugees entering the united states, 45 million of which would have entered since this january alone. think of the disruption. last week, i attended the un general assembly meeting of the international support group for lebanon. donors pledged some funds for the country, but we need to do much more or we risk catastrophe in lebanon.
黎巴嫩目前接待了超過76萬敘利亞難民，按人口比例來說，這相當于美國涌入5600萬難民，而且僅僅從今年1月以后來到的就有 4500萬人。想想這會帶來什么樣的混亂。上周，我們出席了聯合國大會的黎巴嫩國際援助小組會議。各援助方承諾為黎巴嫩提供一些資金，但我們還需要做得更多，否則黎巴嫩可能會發(fā)生巨大的災難。
our two goals
我們的兩大目標
just si_ months ago, our board endorsed the two goals of the world bank group: the first is to end e_treme poverty by 2030; the second is to boost shared prosperity by promoting real income growth for the bottom 40 percent of the population.
僅僅半年前，我們的董事會批準了世界銀行集團的兩大目標：第一個目標是到2030年終結極度貧困;第二個目標是促進收入最低的40%的人口實際收入的增長，推動共享繁榮。
how does this relate to the situation on the ground in the middle east and in other poor countries? the goal of ending e_treme poverty stands on its own as the moral underpinning of all that we do. the fact that more than a billion people live on less than a dollar, 25 a day in 2022 is a stain on our moral conscience. we must help lift people out of poverty without delay, without prejudice, no matter the circumstance, no matter the locale.
怎樣把這兩個目標與中東及其他貧困國家的現實情況聯系起來?終結極度貧困的目標本身就是我們所做的一切工作的道德基礎。在2022年的今天還有10多億人每天生活費不到1.25美元，這是我們道德良心上的一個恥辱。我們必須幫助人民擺脫貧困，一刻不能耽擱，不帶任何成見，不管是何種情況、什么地方。
our second goal of boosting shared prosperity is more comple_, but relevant to the entire world. the protests during the arab spring, and the more recent ones in turkey, brazil, and south africa were rooted in the universal desire to participate in the global middle class.
我們促進共享繁榮的第二個目標更為復雜，但也與全世界都直接相關。阿拉伯之春期間的抗議活動，以及最近在土耳其、巴西和南非發(fā)生的抗議活動，都植根于一種躋身全球中產階級的普遍愿望。
today, leaders around the world realize that boosting shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent is becoming more and more critical to ensure stability. it used to be that much of this discontent boiled under the surface. but social media has created an enormous “virtual middle class,” as thomas friedman has called it, who will continue to knock on, and then break down, the door of opportunity.
今天，世界各國的領導人都意識到，促進底層40%的人口共享繁榮對于確保穩(wěn)定變得日益重要。在過去，許多不滿情緒在社會表層下沸騰。但社交媒體創(chuàng)造了一個巨大的、被托馬斯·弗里德曼稱為“虛擬的中間階層”的群體，這個階層會繼續(xù)叩響然后打破機遇之門。
the lesson is that we should pay much more attention to whether growth reaches all the population, and not just the elite. one way to do so is by looking beyond the overall gdp growth; we need to directly monitor income gains among the bottom 40 percent. economic progress must also be environmentally and financially sustainable over generations.
一個教訓是我們應當更多地關注增長是否惠及全體人民而不僅僅是特權階層。要做到這一點，一個辦法就是不能只看總體的gdp增長指標;我們需要直接監(jiān)測底層40%的收入增長。經濟進步還需要在環(huán)境上和財政上具有可持續(xù)性，延續(xù)到子孫后代。
so how can incomes of the less fortunate increase in a sustained way? there is more than one path to shared prosperity. one path is through increased opportunities driven by greater economic growth. another is through a stable social contract, which focuses on raising the living standards of the poor and the disadvantaged. both paths can lead to improved opportunities for citizens if societies can become more dynamic and productive with greater room for social mobility.
那么怎樣才能以持續(xù)的方式增加貧困人口的收入呢?通向共同繁榮的路不止一條。一條路是通過經濟增長創(chuàng)造更多機會。另一條路是通過穩(wěn)定的社會契約，重點提高貧困弱勢人群的生活水平。如果社會更有活力，有更高的生產力，為社會流動性提供更大空間，那么這兩種道路就都能為公民帶來更多更好的機會。
reaching our first goal of ending e_treme poverty by 2030 will not only be historic. it will be e_traordinarily difficult. today, our economists estimate that the number of poor people hovers at just over one billion people, or 150 million fewer than in 2022.
達到我們的第一項目標——到2030年終結極度貧困——不僅僅是具有歷史意義的，而且是異常困難的。今天，我們的經濟學家估計貧困人口的人數徘徊在略稍高于10億，比2022年少1.5億。
we are making progress, but nothing is assured in this battle, and it will get much tougher the closer we get to the goal. global growth could be slower than historic trends. disasters driven by a changing climate could reverse years of development success. investors could become even more skittish. long-term financing for much needed infrastructure – already scarce – could dry up.
我們正在取得進步，但在這場斗爭中沒有什么是確定無疑的，而且我們越是接近目標，困難也會越大。全球增長速度可能會低于歷史趨勢。氣候變化造成的災害可能扭轉多年的發(fā)展成果。投資者有可能會變得膽小?；A設施建設急需的長期融資已很稀缺，還有可能枯竭。
at the world bank group, our two goals require us to deliver results for people. as dr. martin luther king jr. once said, our goals must be “transformed from thin paper to thick action.” what will we do—all of us—to translate our plans into effective action to end poverty?
在世界銀行集團，這兩大目標要求我們?yōu)槿藗內〉们袑嵆尚АｑR丁·路德·金博士曾經說過，我們的目標必須“從一頁薄紙變?yōu)槟_踏實地的行動”。我們將如何將計劃轉化為終結貧困的有效行動呢?
a world bank group strategy
世界銀行集團的戰(zhàn)略
our answer is that for the first time, we have a strategy that will bring together the entire world bank group – the bank, which works with governments; the ifc, our private sector arm; and the multilateral investment guarantee agency, or miga, which provides political risk insurance. we just released it a few days ago. never before have we defined a strategy that gives us a comprehensive roadmap to guide all parts of our institution around common goals and principles.
我們的回答是，我們第一次有了一個將整個世界銀行集團統(tǒng)一起來的戰(zhàn)略，包括與各國政府合作的世行;包括我們的私營部門窗口國際金融公司(ifc);也包括提供政治風險擔保的多邊投資擔保機構。我們幾天前剛剛發(fā)布這一文件。我們過去從未制定過這樣一個統(tǒng)一的戰(zhàn)略，給予我們一個圍繞共同目標和原則指導機構所有部門工作的全面路線圖。
why is this important? bureaucracies sometimes operate in ways that keep people away from each other. they tend to create self-enclosed areas of influence. these areas become well-guarded bunkers, or silos. i know something about silos. i grew up in iowa, and we had lots of them. those silos of corn stood starkly alone, especially during those long cold winters. silos perform a critical function in the cornfields of iowa but they have no place at the world bank group.
為什么這一點很重要?官僚機構的運作方式有時讓人們相互隔離。他們往往創(chuàng)造自我封閉的勢力范圍。這些勢力范圍成為戒備森嚴的碉堡或者筒倉。我對筒倉有所了解，我在愛荷華州長大，我們那里有很多筒倉。那些貯存玉米的筒倉孤零零地站在地里，特別是在漫長的冬季。筒倉在愛荷華的玉米田里發(fā)揮著重要作用，但在世界銀行集團沒有它們的位置。
how can we – or any other large organization – meet our highest aspirations of serving the poor if we work in a collection of silos? we need to connect the brilliant minds in our institution so that their knowledge flows freely.
如果人們各自在一堆筒倉里工作，我們——或者任何其他大型組織——怎么能夠實現為窮人服務的的最高理想呢?我們需要讓我們機構中的出類拔萃之輩對接，使他們的知識自由流動。
the world bank group strategy is based on the conviction that the entire organization will work and together as a seamless whole to achieve our inspiring goals. and we know that if we are to have any chance to succeed, we must be selective – first, we must choose our priorities and then, abandon those activities that don’t make the cut.
世界銀行集團的戰(zhàn)略是基于這樣一種信念，即整個機構將齊心協力、團結一致地實現我們的目標。我們也知道，要想取得成功，我們必須具有選擇性——首先要選擇我們的優(yōu)先重點，然后是放棄那些非優(yōu)先領域的活動。
what will we stop doing? we won’t continue working in areas in which others are better. we won’t enter projects for the sole purpose of meeting volume targets for the year. we won’t take on projects just to plant our flag on the ground. and we won’t tolerate behavior that promotes individual interests over the common good.
我們將要停止做哪些事呢?我們將不會繼續(xù)從事那些別人更擅長的領域。我們不會僅僅出于要完成年度貸款額指標而開展項目。我們不會僅僅為了插上我們的旗子而開展項目。而且，我們絕不容忍將個人私利置于公共利益之上的行為。
so what are our principles?
那么我們的原則是什么?
we will ensure that all our activities have a relentless focus on our two goals.
我們將確保我們的一切活動都堅持不懈地專注于我們的兩大目標。
we will become better partners to others so that together we can achieve those goals.
我們將更好地與其他方面合作來實現這兩大目標。
we will be bold.
我們將勇往直前。
we will take risks –smart risks. and by that, i mean we will invest in projects that can help transform the development of a country or a region – even if it means we might fail.
我們將勇于冒險——聰明地冒險。我的意思是，我們將投資于那些可能有助于改變一個國家或者一個地區(qū)的發(fā)展的項目——即使我們有可能失敗。
we will e_cel at delivering local solutions by taking our global knowledge and making sure it is available to countries and companies that need it.
我們將出色地利用全球知識來提供本地解決方案，并確保那些需要這些知識的國家和企業(yè)都可以獲得這些知識。
we will take advantage of our deep e_perience to lead cutting-edge global practices on issues such as finance, education, health, infrastructure, energy, and water.
我們將利用我們的豐富經驗，在諸如金融、教育、衛(wèi)生、基礎設施、能源和水資源等問題上領導最前沿的全球實踐。
we will always look for opportunities to help countries invest in their people. we must help countries become more competitive, and a powerful way for them to do so is by investing in the education, health, and job training of their citizens.
我們將會不斷尋找機會幫助各國投資于人民。我們必須幫助各國提升競爭力，而達此目的的一個有效途徑是投資于公民的教育、衛(wèi)生和就業(yè)培訓。
and we will look to create innovative financial tools that can open up new opportunities for long-term financing that countries desperately need.
而且我們將尋求開發(fā) 創(chuàng)新型融資工具，開拓提供各國急需的長期資金的新渠道。
making the strategy a reality
將戰(zhàn)略變?yōu)楝F實
our strategy calls for us to become a solutions bank with results for the poor as our central benchmark. three elements of the strategy are worth highlighting.
我們的戰(zhàn)略要求我們成為一個提供解決方案的銀行，以對貧困人口產生的成效作為我們的主要基準。新戰(zhàn)略有三項內容值得強調。
first, we will partner with the private sector to use their e_pertise and capital to fight poverty. this is particularly important to create good jobs for the poor.
首先，我們將與私營部門聯手，利用他們的專業(yè)知識和資金來抗擊貧困。這一點對于為貧困人口創(chuàng)造良好的就業(yè)尤為重要。
second, we will increase our commitment to fragile and conflict-affected states, which will require us to be bolder, take more risks, and commit more resources.
第二，我們將加強對脆弱與受沖突影響國家的承諾，這將要求我們更加大膽，承擔更多風險，投入更多資源。
and third, we will be as ambitious as possible on issues that are of global importance, including investing in women and girls and combatting climate change. our response to climate change, for instance, must be bold enough to match the scope of the problem.
第三，我們在具有全球重要意義的議題上要盡可能雄心勃勃，包括投資于婦女和女童、抗擊氣候變化。例如，我們對氣候變化作出反應的力度必須與問題的嚴重程度相匹配。
creating good jobs
創(chuàng)造良好就業(yè)
on the first element, one of the highest priorities at the world bank group will be to help create jobs. how can we most effectively help regions and individual countries position themselves for private-sector-led job growth? the scope of the challenge is daunting – the world needs to create 600 million new jobs over the ne_t decade.
圍繞第一個目標，世界銀行集團的最高優(yōu)先事項之一將是幫助創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會。我們如何才能最有效地幫助有關地區(qū)和國家創(chuàng)造最佳條件來促進私營部門主導的就業(yè)增長?這是一項十分艱巨的挑戰(zhàn)—— 全球需要在未來十年內創(chuàng)造6億個新的就業(yè)機會。
a critical pathway out of poverty for the poor is through providing an open and transparent connection to local and global markets. this access can unlock entrepreneurial potential for millions.
幫助窮人擺脫貧困的一條重要途徑是以公開透明的方式將他們與本地市場和全球市場聯系起來。這種對市場的參與可以釋放億萬民眾的創(chuàng)業(yè)潛力。
for e_ample, one of ifc’s clients, ecom, connects cocoa, coffee and cotton farmers in over 30 countries to global markets. last year, ecom helped more than 134,000 farmers and thousands more through farmer organizations.
例如，國際金融公司的客戶ecom將30多個國家里種植可可、咖啡和棉花的農戶與全球市場連接起來。去年，ecom向13.4萬農民提供了幫助，并通過農民組織幫助了更多人。
we also are e_panding our group of partners to include those which are pioneering new business models. just two weeks ago, i met jack ma, the founder of alibaba, a chinese firm that, among other things, accounted for 60 percent of the 8.8 billion packages mailed inside china last year. he showed me his black canvas shoes, which were made by a woman in a small village in china. alibaba was able to drive logistics prices so low that this woman could market her shoes and ship them anywhere in china at a better price than the local shoe store. in just a few years, alibaba has fostered the creation or growth of over 6 million small and medium enterprises in china.
我們也在擴大合作伙伴的范圍，吸納那些開拓新商業(yè)模式的企業(yè)。就在兩周前，我會晤了中國阿里巴巴公司的創(chuàng)始人馬云，這家企業(yè)在去年中國境內郵寄的88億個快件中占60%。他給我看他穿的黑色帆布鞋，這是中國一個小村里的婦女做的。阿里巴巴能夠使物流價格降到如此之低，使這名婦女有可能把她做的鞋銷售到中國任何地方，價格還低于本地的鞋店。在短短幾年中，阿里巴巴扶持了中國600多萬個中小企業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)和成長。
that is an e_ample of a transformational business model. but there are many environments that alibaba and other companies stay away from. we at the world bank group serve as a trusted advisor to the private sector, and that often means we will be the first to venture into a risky environment in order to make others feel more comfortable to invest. we know that there are several trillion dollars managed by sovereign wealth funds and institutional investors; much of it is sitting on the sidelines in low-performing funds. so we will actively work to find new ways to attract these private funds to developing country projects. one recent e_ample was our launch of the managed co-lending portfolio program in china. the chinese government agreed to invest $3 billion, alongside ifc; other countries are e_pressing interest in joining the program.
這是一個具有變革意義的商業(yè)模式的例子。但也有很多環(huán)境是阿里巴巴和其他企業(yè)避之不及的。我們世界銀行集團是私營部門可信賴的顧問，這往往意味著我們會率先冒險進入一個有風險的環(huán)境，目的是讓他人更放心地投資。我們知道主權財富基金和機構投資者管理著數萬億美元，其中很大一部分閑置在表現不佳的基金里。因此，我們將積極努力尋找新的方式來吸引這些私募基金投資發(fā)展中國家的項目。最近的一個例子是我們在中國啟動了管理聯合貸款組合計劃。政府同意投資30億美元，與國際金融公司聯手合作;其他國家也表示有興趣加入該計劃。
a priority on fragile states
重點關注脆弱國家
the second e_ample of our strategy involves our commitment to taking risks in some of the most troubled places in the world: fragile and conflict-affected states.
關于我們戰(zhàn)略的第二個例子涉及到我們承諾在世界上問題最多的地區(qū)——脆弱和受沖突影響的國家——承擔風險。
earlier this year, un secretary general ban ki-moon and i traveled to the great lakes region of africa to support the peace, security, and cooperation framework, signed by 11 countries. the region has been in a state of war for more than two decades, and rebel groups in the eastern congo started a new battle a few days before we arrived. just a couple of hours before we arrived in goma, the groups called a cease-fire. despite the tension, crowds of people, most of them women, lined the roads from the un base to a local hospital. they cheered our convoy. but they also held high signs that spoke of the deep trauma they have e_perienced. i’ll never forget one woman’s sign. it said simply: stop the rape. indeed.
今年早些時候，聯合國秘書長潘基文和我訪問了非洲大湖地區(qū)，以表示對11個國家簽署的《和平、安全和合作框架》的支持。該地區(qū)20多年來長期處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)，就在我們到達前數日，剛果東部地區(qū)的叛亂組織又燃起了新的戰(zhàn)火。在我們的飛機降落在戈馬幾小時前，叛亂組織宣布?；稹１M管局勢緊張，大批的人群——大部分是婦女——從聯合國基地沿途一直排到一家本地醫(yī)院，他們對我們的車隊歡呼，但他們也高舉著標語牌，表達他們所遭遇的深深創(chuàng)傷。我永遠忘不了一名婦女手持的標語牌上寫著：停止奸。
we must move much more quickly, more urgently, to create peace dividends for countries emerging from years of conflict. we know that you can’t have development without peace. but too often we forget that peace won’t last without development. in the great lakes region, we moved quickly to amass an additional $1 billion assistance package to help the region. shortly after our visit, the bank’s board approved $340 million to help finance the rusumo falls run of the river hydroelectric project to bring power to millions of people.
我們必須更快速、更緊迫地行動起來，為剛剛走出多年沖突戰(zhàn)亂的國家創(chuàng)造和平紅利。我們知道，沒有和平就沒有發(fā)展。但是我們常常忘記，如果沒有發(fā)展，和平也難以持久。對大湖地區(qū)，我們迅速調動了10億美元的追加援助一攬子計劃，為該地區(qū)提供幫助。我們訪問后不久，世行董事會批準拿出3.4億美元資金支持魯蘇莫瀑布河水電項目，為數以百萬計的人送去電力。
today, i pledge to significantly increase our support to fragile and conflict-affected states. i hope to increase the share of ida core financing – the bank’s fund for the poorest – to fragile states by about 50 percent in the ne_t three years. ifc, our private sector arm, also will commit to increasing its support for fragile states by 50 percent over the ne_t three years.
今天，我在這里明確承諾將大大增加對脆弱和受沖突影響國家的支持。我希望在今后三年中將國際開發(fā)協會貸款(世界銀行對最窮國的基金)對脆弱國家的支持份額提高50%。我們的私營部門機構ifc也承諾在未來三年將其對脆弱國家的支持提高50%。
the challenge of climate change
氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)
the third and final e_ample of our strategy is directly related to our shared prosperity goal. shared means not only making sure that those at the bottom are part of the growth process, but also that growth will not come at the e_pense of future generations. we need to share the planet and its resources with our children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, and that means we must have a bold plan to combat climate change.
我們戰(zhàn)略的第三個也是最后一個例子直接關系到我們共享繁榮的目標。共享意味著不僅要確保那些身處底層的人成為增長過程的一部分，而且增長不能以犧牲子孫后代為代價。我們需要和我們的孩子、孫子、重孫共享地球及其資源，這意味著我們必須有一個對抗氣候變化的宏偉計劃。
climate change poses a fundamental threat to development in our lifetime. it has the potential to put prosperity out of reach for millions of people. every region of the world will be affected, and those least able to adapt–the poor and most vulnerable–will be hit hardest. if we want to end e_treme poverty, we have to build resilient communities and mitigate shocks, like climate disasters, so that poor people can make gains in their lives–and keep those gains for the long term.
氣候變化帶在我們的有生之年對發(fā)展構成了根本性的威脅，有可能使億萬人無法享受繁榮。世界各個地區(qū)無一幸免，那些適應能力最差的人群 ——窮人和最脆弱的人群 ——受害最大。如果想要終結極度貧困，我們就必須建立具有韌性的社區(qū)，緩解諸如氣候災難等沖擊，從而讓窮人能夠有所收益，并長期保持這些收益。
tackling climate change is not an effort that governments can take on alone. we need a response that brings together governments, private sector, civil society, and individuals, following a coordinated, ambitious plan. we can help in many ways, but perhaps most fruitfully by highlighting the increasing costs of climate change and by mobilizing climate finance from the public and private sectors.
應對氣候變化不僅是政府單方面的努力。我們需要制定一項協調的雄心勃勃的計劃，聯合政府、私營部門、民間團體和個人共同作出回應。我們可以從許多方面提供幫助，但也許最有成效的作法是就氣候變化不斷上升的成本提出警告，并動員來自公共和私營部門的氣候融資。
the economic costs of e_treme weather events are stunning. coastal city flooding costs $6 billion a year today, but could reach $1 trillion a year by 2050. investing $50 billion a year in protection would avoid those costs, and free up $950 billion every year to invest in better schools, hospitals, and social safety nets.
極端氣候事件的經濟成本是驚人的。目前沿海城市每年洪災造成的經濟損失高達60億美元，而到2050年可能達到每年近1萬億美元。每年投資$500億美元加強防護就可以避免這些損失，省下的$9500億美元就可以用來改善學校、醫(yī)院和社會安全網。
today, i am committing the world bank group to direct a greater share of our own financing toward this battle and also to work with all partners interested in working on this problem in a serious way.
今天，我承諾世界銀行集團將從世行資金中拿出更大份額用來抗擊氣候變化，同時也將與所有愿意認真解決這個問題的各方開展合作。
clean energy is our starting point. we will bring together knowledge, best practice, and financial support for countries to address the high costs and policy barriers for the adoption of cleaner energy solutions. we are on track to complete renewable energy resource mapping in at least ten countries over the ne_t three years. we will enable energy subsidy reforms in at least 12 countries and work with partners to create new business models for cooking and lighting that utilize the rapidly improving technology of microgrids. i would also like to see at least 10,000 megawatts of additional capacity installed globally with our direct support in three years — that’s equivalent to the entire installed capacity of peru.
清潔能源是我們的起點。我們將集中知識、最佳實踐和財政支持，幫助各國解決采用清潔能源解決方案的高昂成本和政策障礙。我們正在開展工作，幫助至少10個國家在未來三年完成可再生能源資源地圖繪制。我們將幫助至少12個國家開展能源補貼改革，并與合作伙伴共同創(chuàng)建新的商業(yè)模式，利用迅速改進的微電網技術解決做飯和照明。我也希望看到通過我們的直接支持，三年內在全球范圍至少增加1萬兆瓦的裝機容量，這相當于秘魯的全部裝機容量。
conclusion
結束語
we can reach our goals of ending poverty, boosting shared prosperity, and sharing that prosperity with future generations – but only if we work together with an altogether different sense of urgency. as i mentioned earlier, we must build a social movement to end poverty.
我們可以達到終結貧困和促進共享繁榮并與子孫后代共享繁榮的目標 ，但前提是我們要共同努力，并且要有很強的緊迫感。正如我前面提到的，我們必須開展一場終結貧困的社會運動。
just si_ months ago, the board of governors for the world bank group laid a foundation for a social movement by endorsing our two goals and declaring that we can end e_treme poverty by 2030. now we are seeing interest from all corners. political leaders, including president obama and uk prime minister david cameron, are calling for an end to poverty. faith-based groups such as world vision are calling for an end to poverty. the one campaign, o_fam, save the children, results, and many other civil society groups are calling for an end to poverty. and young people are calling for an end to poverty.
短短半年前，世界銀行集團理事會批準了我們的兩大目標，并宣布到2030年我們能夠終結極度貧困。這為開展一場社會運動打下了基礎?，F在我們看到各方面對此都有興趣。政界領袖、包括美國總統(tǒng)和英國首相戴維·卡梅倫都在呼吁終結貧困。世界宣明會等宗教組織也在呼吁終結貧困。統(tǒng)一行動、樂施會、拯救兒童基金會、results以及許多其他民間社會團體都在呼吁終結貧困。年輕人 ——像你們這些喬治·華盛頓大學 的莘莘學子—— 也在呼吁終結貧困。
just this past weekend, 60,000 people gathered on the great lawn of central park to watch the global citizens festival, which rallied around the goal of zero poverty by 2030. i ask all of you here today – join this movement. propel it forward. there are many things you can do – and one you can do from your seats on your smartphones right now: log on to the global poverty project website — , that’s — and sign a petition to end poverty in a generation. let world leaders know that this is an issue of fundamental importance to you.
在剛剛過去的這個周末，6萬人聚集在中央公園的大草坪上觀看全球公民節(jié)，目標就是到2030年實現零貧困。我懇請今天在座的各位加入到這場運動中來。推動這場運動向前發(fā)展。你們有很多事情可以做，有一件事你們馬上就可以在座位上通過智能手機來做：登錄到全球貧困項目網站：，我再重復一遍：，簽署一份在一代人時間內終結貧困的呼吁書。告訴世界各國領導人，這對你來說是一個至關重要的問題。
our goals are clear at the world bank group. end e_treme poverty by 2030. boost prosperity and ensure that it is shared with the bottom 40 percent and with future generations. we have an opportunity to bend the arc of history and commit ourselves to do something that other generations have only dreamed of. at the central park concert, i called up my four-year-old son, nico, to join me on stage. it was a way to make this goal tangible. when nico is my height and a senior in college like some of you, we could hand over to him and his classmates a world free of e_treme poverty.
世界銀行的目標是明確的。到2030年終結極度貧困。推動繁榮，并確保底層40%的人以及子孫后代可以共享繁榮。我們面臨著一個歷史性機遇來完成一項前輩人夢寐以求的事業(yè)。在中央公園的演唱會上，我叫了4歲的兒子尼科一起上臺，這可以使我們的目標更清晰可見——當尼科長到和我一樣高時，到他像你們一樣上大學四年級時，我們將交給他和他的同學們一個消除了極度貧困的世界。
this is the defining moral issue of our time. we cannot let over a billion people suffer in e_treme poverty when we have the tools and the resources to change their lives for the better. we cannot allow the bottom 40 percent of the population be denied opportunities for jobs, health, and education. we can do better. we have to do better, for nico, for four year olds all over the world and for all future generations. for some problems like climate change, time is of the essence, but to quote martin luther king again, the time is always ripe to do right. now’s the time and we are the people. let’s make it happen.
這是我們這個時代最重大的道德問題。我們有工具和資源來改善10億多極端貧困人口的生活，不能坐視他們飽受貧困之苦。我們不能允許底層40%的人被剝奪就業(yè)、醫(yī)療和教育機會。我們能做得更好。我們必須做得更好——為了尼科，為了世界上所有像他這么大的孩子，也為了子孫后代。對氣候變化這樣的問題，時間是最重要的一個因素。讓我再次引用馬丁·路德·金的話，“做正確的事情的時機總是成熟的。”時不我待，我們必須采取行動。讓我們行動起來，將目標變?yōu)楝F實。
thank you very much.
謝謝各位。
