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哈佛大學(xué)演講稿(12篇)

更新時(shí)間:2024-11-20 查看人數(shù):12

哈佛大學(xué)演講稿

第1篇 朱棣文在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮英語(yǔ)演講稿

madam president faust, members of the harvard corporation and the board of overseers,faculty, family, friends, and, most importantly, today's graduates,

尊敬的faust校長(zhǎng),哈佛集團(tuán)的各位成員,監(jiān)管理事會(huì)的各位理事,各位老師,各位家長(zhǎng),各位朋友,以及最重要的各位畢業(yè)生同學(xué),

thank you for letting me share this wonderful day with you.

感謝你們,讓我有機(jī)會(huì)同你們一起分享這個(gè)美妙的日子。

i am not sure i can live up to the high standards of harvard commencement speakers. lastyear, j.k. rowling, the billionaire novelist, who started as a classics student, graced thispodium. the year before, bill gates, the mega-billionaire philanthropist and computer nerdstood here. today, sadly, you have me. i am not wealthy, but at least i am a nerd.

我不太肯定,自己夠得上哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮演講人這樣的殊榮。去年登上這個(gè)講臺(tái)的是,英國(guó)億萬(wàn)身家的小說(shuō)家j.k. rowling女士,她最早是一個(gè)古典文學(xué)的學(xué)生。前年站在這里的是比爾蓋茨先生,他是一個(gè)超級(jí)富翁、一個(gè)慈善家和電腦高手。今年很遺憾,你們的演講人是我,雖然我不是很有錢(qián),但是至少我也算一個(gè)高手。

i am grateful to receive an honorary degree from harvard, an honor that means more to methan you might care to imagine. you see, i was the academic black sheep of my family. myolder brother has an m.d./ph.d. from mit and harvard while my younger brother has a lawdegree from harvard. when i was awarded a nobel prize, i thought my mother would besatisfied. not so. when i called her on the morning of the announcement, she replied, 'that'snice, but when are you going to visit me ne_t.' now, as the last brother with a degree fromharvard, maybe, at last, she will be satisfied.

我很感激哈佛大學(xué)給我榮譽(yù)學(xué)位,這對(duì)我很重要,也許比你們會(huì)想到的還要重要。要知道,在學(xué)術(shù)上,我是我們家的不肖之子。我的哥哥在麻省理工學(xué)院得到醫(yī)學(xué)博士,在哈佛大學(xué)得到哲學(xué)博士;我的弟弟在哈佛大學(xué)得到一個(gè)法律學(xué)位。我本人得到諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的時(shí)候,我想我的媽媽會(huì)高興。但是,我錯(cuò)了。消息公布的那天早上,我給她打電話,她聽(tīng)了只說(shuō):'這是好消息,不過(guò)我想知道,你下次什么時(shí)候來(lái)看我?'如今在我們兄弟當(dāng)中,我最終也拿到了哈佛學(xué)位,我想這一次,她會(huì)感到滿意。

another difficulty with giving a harvard commencement address is that some of you maydisapprove of the fact that i have borrowed material from previous speeches. i ask that youforgive me for two reasons.

在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上發(fā)表演講,還有一個(gè)難處,那就是你們中有些人可能有意見(jiàn),不喜歡我重復(fù)前人演講中說(shuō)過(guò)的話。我要求你們諒解我,因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)理由。

first, in order to have impact, it is important to deliver the same message more than once. inscience, it is important to be the first person to make a discovery, but it is even more importantto be the last person to make that discovery.

首先,為了產(chǎn)生影響力,很重要的方法就是重復(fù)傳遞同樣的信息。在科學(xué)中,第一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)者是重要的,但是在得到公認(rèn)前,最后一個(gè)將這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)重復(fù)做出來(lái)的人也許更重要。

second, authors who borrow from others are following in the footsteps of the best. ralph waldoemerson, who graduated from harvard at the age of 18, noted 'all my best thoughts werestolen by the ancients.' picasso declared 'good artists borrow. great artists steal.' why shouldcommencement speakers be held to a higher standard?

其次,一個(gè)借鑒他人的作者,正走在一條前人開(kāi)辟的最佳道路上。哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)生、詩(shī)人愛(ài)默生曾經(jīng)寫(xiě)下:'古人把我最好的一些思想都偷走了。'畫(huà)家畢加索宣稱'優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家借鑒,偉大的藝術(shù)家偷竊。'那么為什么畢業(yè)典禮的演說(shuō)者,就不適用同樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呢?

i also want to point out the irony of speaking to graduates of an institution that would haverejected me, had i the chutzpah to apply. i am married to 'dean jean,' the former dean ofadmissions at stanford. she assures me that she would have rejected me, if given the chance.when i showed her a draft of this speech, she objected strongly to my use of the word'rejected.' she never rejected applicants; her letters stated that 'we are unable to offer youadmission.' i have difficulty understanding the difference. after all, deans of admissions ofhighly selective schools are in reality, 'deans of rejection.' clearly, i have a lot to learn aboutmarketing.

我還要指出一點(diǎn),向哈佛畢業(yè)生發(fā)表演說(shuō),對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是有諷刺意味的,因?yàn)槿绻?dāng)年我斗膽向哈佛大學(xué)遞交入學(xué)申請(qǐng),一定會(huì)被拒絕。我的妻子jean當(dāng)過(guò)斯坦福大學(xué)的招生主任,她向我保證,如果當(dāng)年我申請(qǐng)斯坦福大學(xué),她會(huì)拒絕我。我把這篇演講的草稿給她過(guò)目,她強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)我使用'拒絕'這個(gè)詞,她從來(lái)不拒絕任何申請(qǐng)者。在拒絕信中,她總是寫(xiě):'我們無(wú)法提供你入學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)。'我分不清兩者到底有何差別。在我看來(lái),那些大熱門(mén)學(xué)校的招生主任與其稱為'準(zhǔn)許你入學(xué)的主任',還不如稱為'拒絕你入學(xué)的主任'。很顯然,我需要好好學(xué)學(xué)怎么來(lái)推銷自己。

my address will follow the classical sonata form of commencement addresses. the firstmovement, just presented, were light-hearted remarks. this ne_t movement consists ofunsolicited advice, which is rarely valued, seldom remembered, never followed. as oscar wildesaid, 'the only thing to do with good advice is to pass it on. it is never of any use to oneself.'so, here comes the advice. first, every time you celebrate an achievement, be thankful tothose who made it possible. thank your parents and friends who supported you, thank yourprofessors who were inspirational, and especially thank the other professors whose less-than-brilliant lectures forced you to teach yourself. going forward, the ability to teach yourself is thehallmark of a great liberal arts education and will be the key to your success. to your fellowstudents who have added immeasurably to your education during those late night discussions,hug them. also, of course, thank harvard. should you forget, there's an alumni association toremind you. second, in your future life, cultivate a generous spirit. in all negotiations, don'tbargain for the last, little advantage. leave the change on the table. in your collaborations,always remember that 'credit' is not a conserved quantity. in a successful collaboration,everybody gets 90 percent of the credit.

畢業(yè)典禮演講都遵循古典奏鳴曲的結(jié)構(gòu),我的演講也不例外。剛才是第一樂(lè)章----輕快的閑談。接下來(lái)的第二樂(lè)章是送上門(mén)的忠告。這樣的忠告很少被重視,幾乎注定被忘記,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被實(shí)踐。但是,就像王爾德說(shuō)的:'對(duì)于忠告,你所能做的,就是把它送給別人,因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)你沒(méi)有任何用處。'所以,下面就是我的忠告。第一,取得成就的時(shí)候,不要忘記前人。要感謝你的父母和支持你的朋友,要感謝那些啟發(fā)過(guò)你的教授,尤其要感謝那些上不好課的教授,因?yàn)樗麄兤仁鼓阕詫W(xué)。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)看,自學(xué)能力是優(yōu)秀的文理教育中必不可少的,將成為你成功的關(guān)鍵。你還要去擁抱你的同學(xué),感謝他們同你進(jìn)行過(guò)的許多次徹夜長(zhǎng)談,這為你的教育帶來(lái)了無(wú)法衡量的價(jià)值。當(dāng)然,你還要感謝哈佛大學(xué)。不過(guò)即使你忘了這一點(diǎn),校友會(huì)也會(huì)來(lái)提醒你。第二,在你們未來(lái)的人生中,做一個(gè)慷慨大方的人。在任何談判中,都把最后一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)利益留給對(duì)方。不要把桌上的錢(qián)都拿走。在合作中,要牢記榮譽(yù)不是一個(gè)守恒的量。成功合作的任何一方,都應(yīng)獲得全部榮譽(yù)的90%。

jimmy stewart, as elwood p. dowd in the movie 'harvey' got it e_actly right. he said: 'yearsago my mother used to say to me, 'in this world, elwood, you must be ... she always used tocall me elwood ... in this world, elwood, you must be oh so smart or oh so pleasant.'' well, foryears i was smart. ... i recommend pleasant. you may quote me on that.

電影《harvey》中,jimmy stewart扮演的角色elwood p. dowd,就完全理解這一點(diǎn)。他說(shuō):'多年前,母親曾經(jīng)對(duì)我說(shuō),'elwood,活在這個(gè)世界上,你要么做一個(gè)聰明人,要么做一個(gè)好人。''我做聰明人,已經(jīng)做了好多年了。......但是,我推薦你們做好人。你們可以引用我這句話。

my third piece of advice is as follows: as you begin this new stage of your lives, follow yourpassion. if you don't have a passion, don't be satisfied until you find one. life is too short togo through it without caring deeply about something. when i was your age, i was incrediblysingle-minded in my goal to be a physicist. after college, i spent eight years as a graduatestudent and postdoc at berkeley, and then nine years at bell labs. during that my time, mycentral focus and professional joy was physics.

我的第三個(gè)忠告是,當(dāng)你開(kāi)始生活的新階段時(shí),請(qǐng)跟隨你的愛(ài)好。如果你沒(méi)有愛(ài)好,就去找,找不到就不罷休。生命太短暫,如果想有所成,你必須對(duì)某樣?xùn)|西傾注你的深情。我在你們這個(gè)年齡,是超級(jí)的一根筋,我的目標(biāo)就是非成為物理學(xué)家不可。本科畢業(yè)后,我在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校又待了8年,讀完了研究生,做完了博士后,然后去貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室待了9年。在這些年中,我關(guān)注的中心和職業(yè)上的全部樂(lè)趣,都來(lái)自物理學(xué)。

here is my final piece of advice. pursuing a personal passion is important, but it should not beyour only goal. when you are old and gray, and look back on your life, you will want to be proudof what you have done. the source of that pride won't be the things you have acquired or therecognition you have received. it will be the lives you have touched and the difference youhave made.

我還有最后一個(gè)忠告,就是說(shuō)興趣愛(ài)好固然重要,但是你不應(yīng)該只考慮興趣愛(ài)好。當(dāng)你白發(fā)蒼蒼、垂垂老矣、回首人生時(shí),你需要為自己做過(guò)的事感到自豪。你的物質(zhì)生活和得到的承認(rèn),都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生自豪。只有那些你出手相助、被你改變過(guò)的人和事,才會(huì)讓你產(chǎn)生自豪。

after nine years at bell labs, i decided to leave that warm, cozy ivory tower for what iconsidered to be the 'real world,' a university. bell labs, to quote what was said about marypoppins, was 'practically perfect in every way,' but i wanted to leave behind something morethan scientific articles. i wanted to teach and give birth to my own set of scientific children.

在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室待了9年后,我決定離開(kāi)這個(gè)溫暖舒適的象牙塔,走進(jìn)我眼中的'真實(shí)世界'——大學(xué)。我對(duì)貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室的看法,就像別人形容電影mary poppins的話,'實(shí)際上完美無(wú)缺'。但是,我想為世界留下更多的東西,不只是科學(xué)論文。我要去教書(shū),培育我自己在科學(xué)上的后代。

ted geballe, a friend and distinguished colleague of mine at stanford, who also went fromberkeley to bell labs to stanford years earlier, described our motives best:

我在斯坦福大學(xué)有一個(gè)好友兼杰出同事ted geballe。他也是從伯克利分校去了貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室,幾年前又離開(kāi)貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室去了斯坦福大學(xué)。他對(duì)我們的動(dòng)機(jī)做出了最佳描述:

'the best part of working at a university is the students. they come in fresh, enthusiastic,open to ideas, unscarred by the battles of life. they don't realize it, but they're the recipients ofthe best our society can offer. if a mind is ever free to be creative, that's the time. they comein believing te_tbooks are authoritative, but eventually they figure out that te_tbooks andprofessors don't know everything, and then they start to think on their own. then, i beginlearning from them.'

'在大學(xué)工作,最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是學(xué)生。他們生機(jī)勃勃,充滿熱情,思想自由,還沒(méi)被生活的重壓改變。雖然他們自己沒(méi)有意識(shí)到,但是他們是這個(gè)社會(huì)中你能找到的最佳受眾。如果生命中曾經(jīng)有過(guò)思想自由和充滿創(chuàng)造力的時(shí)期,那么那個(gè)時(shí)期就是你在讀大學(xué)。進(jìn)校時(shí),學(xué)生們對(duì)課本上的一字一句毫不懷疑,漸漸地,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)課本和教授并不是無(wú)所不知的,于是他們開(kāi)始獨(dú)立思考。從那時(shí)起,就是我開(kāi)始向他們學(xué)習(xí)了。'

my students, post doctoral fellows, and the young researchers who worked with me at bell labs,stanford, and berkeley have been e_traordinary. over 30 former group members are nowprofessors, many at the best research institutions in the world, including harvard. i havelearned much from them. even now, in rare moments on weekends, the remaining members ofmy biophysics group meet with me in the ether world of cyberspace.

我教過(guò)的學(xué)生、帶過(guò)的博士后、合作過(guò)的年輕同事,都非常優(yōu)秀。他們中有30多人,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是教授了。他們所在的研究機(jī)構(gòu)有不少是全世界第一流的,其中就包括哈佛大學(xué)。我從他們身上學(xué)到了很多東西。即使現(xiàn)在,我偶爾還會(huì)周末上網(wǎng),向現(xiàn)在還從事生物物理學(xué)研究的學(xué)生請(qǐng)教。

i began teaching with the idea of giving back; i received more than i gave. this brings me tothe final movement of this speech. it begins with a story about an e_traordinary scientificdiscovery and a new dilemma that it poses. it's a call to arms and about making a difference.

我懷著回報(bào)社會(huì)的想法,開(kāi)始了教學(xué)生涯。我的一生中,得到的多于我付出的,所以我要回報(bào)社會(huì)。這就引出了這次演講的最后一個(gè)樂(lè)章。首先我要講一個(gè)了不起的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),以及由此帶來(lái)的新挑戰(zhàn)。它是一個(gè)戰(zhàn)斗的號(hào)令,到了做出改變的時(shí)候了。

in the last several decades, our climate has been changing. climate change is not new: theearth went through si_ ice ages in the past 600,000 years. however, recent measurementsshow that the climate has begun to change rapidly. the size of the north polar ice cap in themonth of september is only half the size it was a mere 50 years ago. the sea level which beenrising since direct measurements began in 1870 at a rate that is now five times faster than itwas at the beginning of recorded measurements. here's the remarkable scientific discovery.for the first time in human history, science is now making predictions of how our actions willaffect the world 50 and 100 years from now. these changes are due to an increase in carbondio_ide put into the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. the earth haswarmed up by roughly 0.8 degrees celsius since the beginning of the revolution. there isalready appro_imately a 1 degree rise built into the system, even if we stop all greenhousegas emissions today. why? it will take decades to warm up the deep oceans before thetemperature reaches a new equilibrium.

過(guò)去幾十年中,我們的氣候一直在發(fā)生變化。氣候變化并不是現(xiàn)在才有的,過(guò)去60萬(wàn)年中就發(fā)生了6次冰河期。但是,現(xiàn)在的測(cè)量表明氣候變化加速了。北極冰蓋在9月份的大小,只相當(dāng)于50年前的一半。1870年起,人們開(kāi)始測(cè)量海平面上升的速度,現(xiàn)在的速度是那時(shí)的5倍。一個(gè)重大的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)就這樣產(chǎn)生了??茖W(xué)第一次在人類歷史上,預(yù)測(cè)出我們的行為對(duì)50—12022年后的世界有何影響。這些變化的原因是,從工業(yè)革命開(kāi)始,人類排放到大氣中的二氧化碳增加 了。這使得地球的平均氣溫上升了0.8攝氏度。即使我們立刻停止所有溫室氣體的排放,氣溫仍然將比過(guò)去上升大約1度。因?yàn)樵跉鉁剡_(dá)到均衡前,海水溫度的上升將持續(xù)幾十年。

if the world continues on a business-as-usual path, the intergovernmental panel on climatechange predicts that there is a fifty-fifty chance the temperature will e_ceed 5 degrees by theend of this century. this increase may not sound like much, but let me remind you that duringthe last ice age, the world was only 6 degrees colder. during this time, most of canada and theunited states down to ohio and pennsylvania were covered year round by a glacier. a world 5degrees warmer will be very different. the change will be so rapid that many species, includinghumans, will have a hard time adapting. i've been told for e_ample, that, in a much warmerworld, insects were bigger. i wonder if this thing buzzing around is a precursor.

如果全世界保持現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式不變,聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(ipcc)預(yù)測(cè),本世紀(jì)末將有50%的可能,氣溫至少上升5度。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像不多,但是讓我來(lái)提醒你,上一次的冰河期,地球的氣溫也僅僅只下降了6度。那時(shí),俄亥俄州和賓夕法尼亞州以北的大部分美國(guó)和加拿大的土地,都終年被冰川覆蓋。氣溫上升5度的地球,將是一個(gè)非常不同的地球。由于變化來(lái)得太快,包括人類在內(nèi)的許多生物,都將很難適應(yīng)。比如,有人告訴我,在更溫暖的環(huán)境中,昆蟲(chóng)的個(gè)頭將變大。我不知道現(xiàn)在身旁嗡嗡叫的這只大蒼蠅,是不是就是前兆。

we also face the specter of nonlinear 'tipping points' that may cause much more severechanges. an e_ample of a tipping point is the thawing of the permafrost. the permafrostcontains immense amounts of frozen organic matter that have been accumulating formillennia. if the soil melts, microbes will spring to life and cause this debris to rot. thedifference in biological activity below freezing and above freezing is something we are allfamiliar with. frozen food remains edible for a very long time in the freezer, but once thawed,it spoils quickly. how much methane and carbon dio_ide might be released from the rottingpermafrost? if even a fraction of the carbon is released, it could be greater than all thegreenhouse gases we have released to since the beginning of the industrial revolution. oncestarted, a runaway effect could occur.

我們還面臨另一個(gè)幽靈,那就是非線性的'氣候引爆點(diǎn)',這會(huì)帶來(lái)許多嚴(yán)重得多的變化。'氣候引爆點(diǎn)'的一個(gè)例子就是永久凍土層的融化。永久凍土層經(jīng) 過(guò)千萬(wàn)年的累積形成,其中包含了巨量的凍僵的有機(jī)物。如果凍土融化,微生物就將廣泛繁殖,使得凍土層中的有機(jī)物快速腐爛。冷凍后的生物和冷凍前的生物,它 們?cè)谏飳W(xué)特性上的差異,我們都很熟悉。在冷庫(kù)中,冷凍食品在經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保存后,依然可以食用。但是,一旦解凍,食品很快就腐爛了。一個(gè)腐爛的永久凍土層,將釋放出多少甲烷和二氧化碳?即使只有一部分的碳被釋放出來(lái),可能也比我們從工業(yè)革命開(kāi)始釋放出來(lái)的所有溫室氣體還要多。這種事情一旦發(fā)生,局勢(shì)就失控了。

the climate problem is the unintended consequence of our success. we depend on fossilenergy to keep our homes warm in the winter, cool in the summer, and lit at night; we use it totravel across town and across continents. energy is a fundamental reason for the prosperitywe enjoy, and we will not surrender this prosperity. the united states has 3 percent of theworld population, and yet, we consume 25 percent of the energy. by contrast, there are 1.6billion people who don't have access to electricity. hundreds of millions of people still cook withtwigs or dung. the life we enjoy may not be within the reach of the developing world, but it iswithin sight, and they want what we have.

氣候問(wèn)題是我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展在無(wú)意中帶來(lái)的后果。我們太依賴化石能源,冬天取暖,夏天制冷,夜間照明,長(zhǎng)途旅行,環(huán)球觀光。能源是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的基礎(chǔ),我 們不可能放棄經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。美國(guó)人口占全世界的3%,但是我們消耗全世界25%的能源。與此形成對(duì)照,全世界還有16億人沒(méi)有電,數(shù)億人依靠燃燒樹(shù)枝和動(dòng)物糞便來(lái)煮飯。發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人民享受不到我們的生活,但是他們都看在眼里,他們渴望擁有我們擁有的東西。

here is the dilemma. how much are we willing to invest, as a world society, to mitigate theconsequences of climate change that will not be realized for at least 100 years? deeply rooted inall cultures, is the notion of generational responsibility. parents work hard so that their childrenwill have a better life. climate change will affect the entire world, but our natural focus is onthe welfare of our immediate families. can we, as a world society, meet our responsibility tofuture generations?

這就是新的挑戰(zhàn)。全世界作為一個(gè)整體,我們到底愿意付出多少,來(lái)緩和氣候變化?這種付出至少在12022年內(nèi),都不會(huì)有明顯效果。代際責(zé)任深深植根于所有文化中。家長(zhǎng)努力工作,為了讓他們的孩子有更好的生活。氣候變化將影響整個(gè)世界,但是我們的天性使得我們只關(guān)心個(gè)人家庭的福利。我們能不能把全世界看作一個(gè)整體?能不能為未來(lái)的人們承擔(dān)起責(zé)任?

while i am worried, i am hopeful we will solve this problem. i became the director of thelawrence berkeley national laboratory, in part because i wanted to enlist some of the bestscientific minds to help battle against climate change. i was there only four and a half years,the shortest serving director in the 78-year history of the lab, but when i left, a number ofvery e_citing energy institutes at the berkeley lab and uc berkeley had been established.

雖然我憂心忡忡,但是還是對(duì)未來(lái)抱樂(lè)觀態(tài)度,這個(gè)問(wèn)題將會(huì)得到解決。我同意出任勞倫斯-伯克利國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任,部分原因是我想招募一些世界上最好的科學(xué)家,來(lái)研究氣候變化的對(duì)策。我在那里干了4年半,是這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室78年的歷史中,任期最短的主任,但是當(dāng)我離任時(shí),在伯克利實(shí)驗(yàn)室和伯克利分校,一些非常激動(dòng)人心的能源研究機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)了。

i am e_tremely privileged to be part of the obama administration. if there ever was a timeto help steer america and the world towards a path of sustainable energy, now is the time. themessage the president is delivering is not one of doom and gloom, but of optimism andopportunity. i share this optimism. the task ahead is daunting, but we can and will succeed.

能夠成為奧巴_施政團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員,我感到極其榮幸。如果有一個(gè)時(shí)機(jī),可以引導(dǎo)美國(guó)和全世界走上可持續(xù)能源的道路,那么這個(gè)時(shí)機(jī)就是現(xiàn)在??偨y(tǒng)已經(jīng)發(fā)出 信息,未來(lái)并非在劫難逃,而是樂(lè)觀的,我們依然有機(jī)會(huì)。我也抱有這種樂(lè)觀主義。我們面前的任務(wù)令人生畏,但是我們能夠并且將會(huì)成功。

we know some of the answers already. there are immediate and significant savings in energyefficiency and conservation. energy efficiency is not just low-hanging fruit; it is fruit lyingon the ground. for e_ample, we have the potential to make buildings 80 percent moreefficient with investments that will pay for themselves in less than 15 years. buildingsconsume 40 percent of the energy we use, and a transition to energy efficient buildings willcut our carbon emissions by one-third.

我們已經(jīng)有了一些答案,可以立竿見(jiàn)影地節(jié)約能源和提高能源使用效率。它們不是掛在枝頭的水果,而是已經(jīng)成熟掉在地上了,就看我們?cè)覆辉敢鈸炱饋?lái)。比 如,我們有辦法將樓宇的耗電減少80%,增加的投資在2022年內(nèi)就可以收回來(lái)。樓宇的耗電占我們能源消費(fèi)的40%,節(jié)能樓宇的推廣將使我們二氧化碳的釋放減 少三分之一。

we are revving up the remarkable american innovation machine that will be the basis of anew american prosperity. we will invent much improved methods to harness the sun, thewind, nuclear power, and capture and sequester the carbon dio_ide emitted from our powerplants. advanced bio-fuels and the electrification of personal vehicles make us less dependenton foreign oil.

我們正在加速美國(guó)這座巨大的創(chuàng)新機(jī)器,這將是下一次美國(guó)大繁榮的基礎(chǔ)。我們將大量投資有效利用太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、核能的新方法,大量投資能夠捕獲和隔離電廠廢氣中的二氧化碳的方法。先進(jìn)的生物燃料和電力汽車(chē)將使得我們不再那么依賴外國(guó)的石油。

in the coming decades, we will almost certainly face higher oil prices and be in a carbon-constrained economy. we have the opportunity to lead in development of a new, industrialrevolution. the great hockey player, wayne gretzky, when asked, how he positions himself onthe ice, he replied,' i skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it's been.' americashould do the same.

在未來(lái)的幾十年中,我們幾乎肯定會(huì)面對(duì)更高的油價(jià)和更嚴(yán)厲的二氧化碳限制排放政策。這是一場(chǎng)新的工業(yè)革命,美國(guó)有機(jī)會(huì)充當(dāng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。偉大的冰上曲棍球選手wayne gretzky被問(wèn)到,他如何在冰上跑位,回答說(shuō):'我滑向球下一步的位置,而不是它現(xiàn)在的位置。'美國(guó)也應(yīng)該這樣做。

the obama administration is laying a new foundation for a prosperous and sustainableenergy future, but we don't have all of the answers. that's where you come in. in this address,i am asking you, the harvard graduates, to join us. as our future intellectual leaders, take thetime to learn more about what's at stake, and then act on that knowledge. as future scientistsand engineers, i ask you to give us better technology solutions. as future economists andpolitical scientists, i ask you to create better policy options. as future business leaders, i askthat you make sustainability an integral part of your business.

奧巴_政府正在為美國(guó)的繁榮和可持續(xù)能源,打下新的基礎(chǔ)。但是我們無(wú)法為所有問(wèn)題都找到答案。這就需要你們的參與。在本次演講中,我請(qǐng)求在座各位哈佛畢業(yè)生加入我們。你們是我們未來(lái)的智力領(lǐng)袖,請(qǐng)花時(shí)間加深理解目前的危險(xiǎn)局勢(shì),然后采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。你們是未來(lái)的科學(xué)家和工程師,我要求你們給我們更好的技術(shù)方案。你們是未來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和政治學(xué)家,我要求你們創(chuàng)造更好的政策選擇。你們是未來(lái)的企業(yè)家,我要求你們將可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為你們業(yè)務(wù)中不可分割的一部分。

finally, as humanists, i ask that you speak to our common humanity. one of the cruelestironies about climate change is that the ones who will be hurt the most are the most innocent:the worlds poorest and those yet to be born.

最后,你們是人道主義者,我要求你們?yōu)榱巳说乐髁x說(shuō)話。氣候變化帶來(lái)的最殘酷的諷刺之一,就是最受傷害的人,恰恰就是最無(wú)辜的人----那些世界上最窮的人們和那些還沒(méi)有出生的人。

the coda to this last movement is borrowed from two humanists.

這個(gè)最后樂(lè)章的完結(jié)部是引用兩個(gè)人道主義者的話。

the first quote is from martin luther king. he spoke on ending the war in vietnam in 1967,but his message seems so fitting for today's climate crisis:

第一段引語(yǔ)來(lái)自馬丁路德金。這是1967年他對(duì)越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束的評(píng)論,但是看上去非常適合用來(lái)評(píng)論今天的氣候危機(jī)。

'this call for a worldwide fellowship that lifts neighborly concern beyond one's tribe, race,class, and nation is in reality a call for an all-embracing and unconditional love for all mankind.this oft misunderstood, this oft misinterpreted concept, so readily dismissed by thenietzsches of the world as a weak and cowardly force, has now become an absolute necessityfor the survival of man ... we are now faced with the fact, my friends, that tomorrow is today.we are confronted with the fierce urgency of now. in this unfolding conundrum of life andhistory, there is such a thing as being too late.'

'我呼吁全世界的人們團(tuán)結(jié)一心,拋棄種族、膚色、階級(jí)、國(guó)籍的隔閡;我呼吁包羅一切、無(wú)條件的對(duì)全人類的愛(ài)。你會(huì)因此遭受誤解和誤讀,信奉尼采哲學(xué)的世人會(huì)認(rèn)定你是一個(gè)軟弱和膽怯的懦夫。但是,這是人類存在下去的絕對(duì)必需。......我的朋友,眼前的事實(shí)就是,明天就是今天。此刻,我們面臨最緊急的情況。在變幻莫測(cè)的生活和歷史之中,有一樣?xùn)|西叫做悔之晚矣。'

the final message is from william faulkner. on december 10th, 1950, his nobel prize banquetspeech was about the role of humanists in a world facing potential nuclear holocaust.

第二段引語(yǔ)來(lái)自威廉??思{。1950年12月10月,他在諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲獎(jiǎng)晚宴上發(fā)表演說(shuō),談到了世界在核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的陰影之下,人道主義者應(yīng)該扮演什么樣的角色。

'i believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. he is immortal, not because healone among creatures has an ine_haustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capableof compassion and sacrifice and endurance. the poet's, the writer's, duty is to write aboutthese things. it is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him ofthe courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice whichhave been the glory of his past.'

'我相信人類不僅能忍耐,而且會(huì)獲勝。人類是不朽的,這不是因?yàn)槿f(wàn)物當(dāng)中僅僅他會(huì)無(wú)窮盡的呼喊,而是因?yàn)樗幸粋€(gè)靈魂,有同情心、犧牲精神和忍耐力。詩(shī)人和作家的責(zé)任就是寫(xiě)這些東西。他們的特權(quán)正是通過(guò)鼓舞人類,喚起人類原有的榮耀----勇氣、榮譽(yù)、希望、自尊、憐憫之心和犧牲精神,去幫助人類學(xué)會(huì)忍耐。'

graduates, you have an e_traordinary role to play in our future. as you pursue your privatepassions, i hope you will also develop a passion and a voice to help the world in ways bothlarge and small. nothing will give you greater satisfaction.

各位畢業(yè)生同學(xué),你們?cè)谖覀兊奈磥?lái)中扮演舉足輕重的角色。當(dāng)你們追求個(gè)人的志向時(shí),我希望你們也會(huì)發(fā)揚(yáng)奉獻(xiàn)精神,積極發(fā)聲,在大大小小各個(gè)方面幫助改進(jìn)這個(gè)世界。這會(huì)給你們帶來(lái)最大的滿足感。

please accept my warmest congratulations. may you prosper, may you help preserve and saveour planet for your children, and all future children of the world.

最后,請(qǐng)接受我最熱烈的祝賀。希望你們成功,也希望你們保護(hù)和拯救我們這個(gè)星球,為了你們的孩子,以及未來(lái)所有的孩子。

第2篇 哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)德魯·福斯特在哈佛大學(xué)2022年畢業(yè)典禮英語(yǔ)演講稿

thank you all and good afternoon alumni, graduates, families, friends, honored guests. for seven years now, it has been my assignment and my privilege to deliver an annual report to our alumni, and to serve as the warm-up act for our distinguished speaker.

whether this is your first opportunity to be a part of these e_ercises or your fiftieth, it is worthtaking a minute to soak in this place—its sheltering trees, its familiar buildings, its enduringvoices. in 1936, this part of harvard’s yard was named tercentenary theatre, in recognition ofharvard’s three hundredth birthday. it is a place where giants have stood, and history has beenmade.

we were reminded this morning of george washington’s adventures here. and from this stagein 1943, winston churchill addressed an overflow crowd that included 6,000 uniformedharvard students heading off to war. he said he hoped the young recruits would come toregard the british soldiers and sailors they would soon fight alongside as their “brothers inarms,” and he assured the audience that “we shall never tire, nor weaken, but march withyou … to establish the reign of justice and of law.”

four years later, from this same place, george marshall introduced a plan that aidedreconstruction across war-stricken europe, and ended his speech by asking: “what is needed?what can best be done? what must be done?”

here, in 1998, nelson mandela addressed an audience of 25,000 and spoke of our sharedfuture. “the greatest single challenge facing our globalized world,” he said, “is to combat anderadicate its disparities.” ellen johnson sirleaf, the first female head of state in africa, stoodhere 13 years later and encouraged graduates to resist cynicism and to be fearless.

here, on the terrible afternoon of september 11, 2022, we gathered under a cloudless sky toshare our sadness, our horror, and our disbelief.

and here, just three years ago, we marked harvard’s 375th anniversary dancing in the mud of atorrential downpour. here, president franklin delano roosevelt had celebrated harvard’s threecenturies of accomplishment in a comparably soaking rain.

here, j.k. rowling encouraged graduates to “think themselves into other people’s places.” andconan o’brien told them that “every failure was freeing.”

here, honorary degrees have been presented to carl jung and jean piaget, ellsworth kelly andgeorgia o’keefe, helen keller and martha graham, ravi shankar and leonard bernstein, joandidion and philip roth, eric kandel and elizabeth blackburn, bill gates and tim berners-lee.

i remember feeling awed by that history when i spoke here at my installation as harvard’s28th president, and when i reflected on what has always seemed to me the essence of auniversity: that among society’s institutions, it is uniquely accountable to the past and to thefuture.

our accountability to the past is all around us: behind me stands memorial church, amonument to harvardians who gave their lives at the somme and ypres and verdun duringworld war one. dedicated on armistice day in 1932, it represents harvard’s long tradition ofcommitment to service.

in front of me is widener library, a gift from a bereaved mother, named in honor of her sonharry, who perished aboard the titanic. a library built to advance the learning and discoveryenabled by one of the most diverse and broad collections in the world. widener’s twelvemajestic columns safeguard te_ts and manuscripts—some centuries old—that are deployedevery day by scholars to help us interpret—and reinterpret—the past.

but this afternoon i would like to spend a few minutes considering our accountability to thefuture, because these obligations must be “our compass to steer by,” our common purpose andour shared commitment.

what does harvard—what do universities—owe the future?

first, we owe the world answers.

discovery is at the heart of what universities do. universities engage faculty and studentsacross a range of disciplines in seeking solutions to problems that may have seemedunsolvable, endeavoring to answer questions that threaten to elude us. the scientific researchundertaken today at harvard, and tomorrow by the students we educate, has a capacity toimprove human lives in ways virtually unimaginable even a generation ago. in this past yearalone, harvard researchers have solved riddles related to the treatment of alzheimer’s, thecost-effective production of malaria vaccine, and the origins of the universe. harvardresearchers have proposed answers to challenges as varied as nuclear proliferation, americancompetitiveness, and governance of the internet.

we must continue to support our answer-seekers, who work at the crossroads of thetheoretical and the applied, at the ne_us of research, public policy, and entrepreneurship.together, they will shape our future and enhance our understanding of the world.

second, we owe the world questions.

just as questions yield answers, answers yield questions. human beings may long forcertainty, but, as oliver wendell holmes put it, “certainty generally is illusion, and repose isnot the destiny of man.” universities produce knowledge. they must also produce doubt. thepursuit of truth is restless. we search for answers not by following prescribed paths, but byfinding the right questions—by answering one question with another question, by nurturing astate of mind that is fle_ible and alert, dissatisfied and imaginative. it is what universitiesare designed to do. in an essay in harvard magazine, one of today’s graduates, cheroneduggan, wrote about seeking what she called “an education of questions.” i hope we haveindeed given her that.

questions are the foundation for progress—for ensuring that the world transcends where weare now, what we know now.

and questions are also the foundation for a third obligation that we as universities owe thefuture: we owe the future meaning.

universities must nurture the ability to interpret, to make critical judgments, to dare to askthe biggest questions, the ones that reach well beyond the immediate and the instrumental.we must stimulate the appetite for curiosity.

we find many of these questions in the humanities: what is good? what is just? how do weknow what is true? but we find them in the sciences as well. can there be any question moreprofound, more fundamental than to ask about the origins of the universe? how did we gethere?

questions like these can be unsettling, and they can make universities unsettling places. butthat too is an essential part of what we owe the future—the promise to combatcomplacency, to challenge the present in order to prepare for what is to come. to shape thepresent in service of an uncertain and yet impatient future.

we owe the future answers. we owe the future questions. we owe the future meaning. theharvard campaign, launched last september, will help us fulfill these obligations, and pay ourdebt to the future, just as the gifts of previous generations anchor us here today.

as today’s ceremonies so powerfully remind us, we also owe the future the men and women whoare prepared to ask questions and seek answers and search for meaning for decades to come.today we send some 6,500 graduates into the world, to be teachers and lawyers, scientists andphysicians, poets and planners and public servants, and—as our speaker this morning remindedus—to be in their own ways revolutionaries. ready to take on everything from water scarcity tovirtual currency to community policing. we must continue to invest in financial aid to attractand support the talented students who can build our future, and also we must invest insupporting the teaching and learning that ensures the fullest development of their capacities ina rapidly changing world.

if we fulfill our obligation, today’s graduates will have found the “education of questions”cherone described, a place where, as she put it, “ceilings are only made of sky.” but look aroundyou: we are there. this space is a “theatre” without walls, without a roof, and without limits. itis a place where e_traordinary individuals have preceded us, a place that must encourage ourgraduates—of today and all the years past—to emulate those women and men, to look skywardand to soar.

thank you very much.

第3篇 比爾.蓋茨在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的勵(lì)志演講稿

比爾.蓋茨在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的勵(lì)志演講稿

尊敬的bok校長(zhǎng),rudenstine前校長(zhǎng),即將上任的faust校長(zhǎng),哈佛集團(tuán)的各位成員,監(jiān)管理事會(huì)的各位理事,各位老師,各位家長(zhǎng),各位同學(xué):

有一句話我等了三十年,現(xiàn)在終于可以說(shuō)了:'老爸,我總是跟你說(shuō),我會(huì)回來(lái)拿到我的學(xué)位的!'

我要感謝哈佛大學(xué)在這個(gè)時(shí)候給我這個(gè)榮譽(yù)。明年,我就要換工作了(注:指從微軟公司退休)......我終于可以在簡(jiǎn)歷上寫(xiě)我有一個(gè)大學(xué)學(xué)位,這真是不錯(cuò)啊。

我為今天在座的各位同學(xué)感到高興,你們拿到學(xué)位可比我簡(jiǎn)單多了。哈佛的校報(bào)稱我是'哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生'。我想這大概使我有資格代表我這一類學(xué)生發(fā)言......在所有的失敗者里,我做得最好。

但是,我還要提醒大家,我使得steve ballmer(注:微軟總經(jīng)理)也從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)了。因此,我是個(gè)有著惡劣影響力的人。這就是為什么我被邀請(qǐng)來(lái)在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上演講。如果我在你們?nèi)雽W(xué)歡迎儀式上演講,那么能夠堅(jiān)持到今天在這里畢業(yè)的人也許會(huì)少得多吧。

對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),哈佛的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷是一段非凡的經(jīng)歷。校園生活很有趣,我常去旁聽(tīng)我沒(méi)選修的課。哈佛的課外生活也很棒,我在radcliffe過(guò)著逍遙自在的日子。每天我的寢室里總有很多人一直待到半夜,討論著各種事情。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都知道我從不考慮第二天早起。這使得我變成了校園里那些不安分學(xué)生的頭頭,我們互相粘在一起,做出一種拒絕所有正常學(xué)生的姿態(tài)。

radcliffe是個(gè)過(guò)日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多,而且大多數(shù)男生都是理工科的。這種狀況為我創(chuàng)造了最好的機(jī)會(huì),如果你們明白我的意思。可惜的是,我正是在這里學(xué)到了人生中悲傷的一課:機(jī)會(huì)大,并不等于你就會(huì)成功。

我在哈佛最難忘的回憶之一,發(fā)生在1975年1月。那時(shí),我從宿舍樓里給位于albuquerque的一家公司打了一個(gè)電話,那家公司已經(jīng)在著手制造世界上第一臺(tái)個(gè)人電腦。我提出想向他們出售軟件。

我很擔(dān)心,他們會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)我是一個(gè)住在宿舍的學(xué)生,從而掛斷電話。但是他們卻說(shuō):'我們還沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備好,一個(gè)月后你再來(lái)找我們吧。'這是個(gè)好消息,因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)軟件還根本沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出來(lái)呢。就是從那個(gè)時(shí)候起,我日以繼夜地在這個(gè)小小的課外項(xiàng)目上工作,這導(dǎo)致了我學(xué)生生活的結(jié)束,以及通往微軟公司的不平凡的旅程的開(kāi)始。

不管怎樣,我對(duì)哈佛的回憶主要都與充沛的精力和智力活動(dòng)有關(guān)。哈佛的生活令人愉快,也令人感到有壓力,有時(shí)甚至?xí)械叫箽?,但永遠(yuǎn)充滿了挑戰(zhàn)性。生活在哈佛是一種吸引人的特殊待遇......雖然我離開(kāi)得比較早,但是我在這里的經(jīng)歷、在這里結(jié)識(shí)的朋友、在這里發(fā)展起來(lái)的一些想法,永遠(yuǎn)地改變了我。

但是,如果現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)肅地回憶起來(lái),我確實(shí)有一個(gè)真正的遺憾。

我離開(kāi)哈佛的時(shí)候,根本沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這個(gè)世界是多么的不平等。人類在健康、財(cái)富和機(jī)遇上的不平等大得可怕,它們使得無(wú)數(shù)的人們被迫生活在絕望之中。

我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和政治學(xué)的新思想。我也了解了很多科學(xué)上的新進(jìn)展。

但是,人類最大的進(jìn)步并不來(lái)自于這些發(fā)現(xiàn),而是來(lái)自于那些有助于減少人類不平等的發(fā)現(xiàn)。不管通過(guò)何種手段--民主制度、健全的公共教育體系、高質(zhì)量的醫(yī)療保健、還是廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)--減少不平等始終是人類最大的成就。

我離開(kāi)校園的時(shí)候,根本不知道在這個(gè)國(guó)家里,有幾百萬(wàn)的年輕人無(wú)法獲得接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。我也不知道,發(fā)展中國(guó)家里有無(wú)數(shù)的人們生活在無(wú)法形容的貧窮和疾病之中。

我花了幾十年才明白了這些事情。

在座的各位同學(xué),你們是在與我不同的時(shí)代來(lái)到哈佛的。你們比以前的學(xué)生,更多地了解世界是怎樣的不平等。在你們的哈佛求學(xué)過(guò)程中,我希望你們已經(jīng)思考過(guò)一個(gè)問(wèn)題,那就是在這個(gè)新技術(shù)加速發(fā)展的時(shí)代,我們?cè)鯓幼罱K應(yīng)對(duì)這種不平等,以及我們?cè)鯓觼?lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

為了討論的方便,請(qǐng)想象一下,假如你每個(gè)星期可以捐獻(xiàn)一些時(shí)間、每個(gè)月可以捐獻(xiàn)一些錢(qián)--你希望這些時(shí)間和金錢(qián),可以用到對(duì)拯救生命和改善人類生活有最大作用的地方。你會(huì)選擇什么地方?

對(duì)melinda(注:蓋茨的妻子)和我來(lái)說(shuō),這也是我們面臨的問(wèn)題:我們?nèi)绾文軐⑽覀儞碛械馁Y源發(fā)揮出最大的作用。

在討論過(guò)程中,melinda和我讀到了文章,里面說(shuō)在那些貧窮的國(guó)家,每年有數(shù)百萬(wàn)的兒童死于那些在美國(guó)早已不成問(wèn)題的疾病。麻疹、瘧疾、肺炎、乙型肝炎、黃熱病、還有一種以前我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的輪狀病毒,這些疾病每年導(dǎo)致50萬(wàn)兒童死亡,但是在美國(guó)一例死亡病例也沒(méi)有。

我們被震驚了。我們想,如果幾百萬(wàn)兒童正在死亡線上掙扎,而且他們是可以被挽救的,那么世界理應(yīng)將用藥物拯救他們作為頭等大事。但是事實(shí)并非如此。那些價(jià)格還不到一美元的救命的藥劑,并沒(méi)有送到他們的手中。

如果你相信每個(gè)生命都是平等的,那么當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)某些生命被挽救了,而另一些生命被放棄了,你會(huì)感到無(wú)法接受。我們對(duì)自己說(shuō):'事情不可能如此。如果這是真的,那么它理應(yīng)是我們努力的頭等大事。'

所以,我們用任何人都會(huì)想到的方式開(kāi)始工作。我們問(wèn):'這個(gè)世界怎么可以眼睜睜看著這些孩子死去?'

答案很簡(jiǎn)單,也很令人難堪。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,拯救兒童是一項(xiàng)沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)的工作,政府也不會(huì)提供補(bǔ)助。這些兒童之所以會(huì)死亡,是因?yàn)樗麄兊母改冈诮?jīng)濟(jì)上沒(méi)有實(shí)力,在政治上沒(méi)有能力發(fā)出聲音。

但是,你們和我在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有實(shí)力,在政治上能夠發(fā)出聲音。

我們可以讓市場(chǎng)更好地為窮人服務(wù),如果我們能夠設(shè)計(jì)出一種更有創(chuàng)新性的資本主義制度--如果我們可以改變市場(chǎng),讓更多的人可以獲得利潤(rùn),或者至少可以維持生活--那么,這就可以幫到那些正在極端不平等的狀況中受苦的人們。我們還可以向全世界的政府施壓,要求他們將納稅人的錢(qián),花到更符合納稅人價(jià)值觀的地方。

如果我們能夠找到這樣一種方法,既可以幫到窮人,又可以為商人帶來(lái)利潤(rùn),為政治家?guī)?lái)選票,那么我們就找到了一種減少世界性不平等的可持續(xù)的發(fā)展道路。這個(gè)任務(wù)是無(wú)限的。它不可能被完全完成,但是任何自覺(jué)地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的嘗試,都將會(huì)改變這個(gè)世界。

在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,我是樂(lè)觀的。但是,我也遇到過(guò)那些感到絕望的懷疑主義者。他們說(shuō):'不平等從人類誕生的第一天就存在,到人類滅亡的最后一天也將存在。--因?yàn)槿祟悓?duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題根本不在乎。'我完全不能同意這種觀點(diǎn)。

我相信,問(wèn)題不是我們不在乎,而是我們不知道怎么做。

此刻在這個(gè)院子里的所有人,生命中總有這樣或那樣的時(shí)刻,目睹人類的悲劇,感到萬(wàn)分傷心。但是我們什么也沒(méi)做,并非我們無(wú)動(dòng)于衷,而是因?yàn)槲覀儾恢雷鍪裁春驮趺醋?。如果我們知道如何做是有效的,那么我們就?huì)采取行動(dòng)。

改變世界的阻礙,并非人類的冷漠,而是世界實(shí)在太復(fù)雜。

為了將關(guān)心轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾袆?dòng),我們需要找到問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)解決辦法的方法,評(píng)估后果。但是世界的復(fù)雜性使得所有這些步驟都難于做到。

即使有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和24小時(shí)直播的新聞臺(tái),讓人們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題所在,仍然十分困難。當(dāng)一架飛機(jī)墜毀了,官員們會(huì)立刻召開(kāi)新聞發(fā)布會(huì),他們承諾進(jìn)行調(diào)查、找到原因、防止將來(lái)再次發(fā)生類似事故。

但是如果那些官員敢說(shuō)真話,他們就會(huì)說(shuō):'在今天這一天,全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中,只有0.5%的死者來(lái)自于這次空難。我們決心盡一切努力,調(diào)查這個(gè)0.5%的死亡原因。'

顯然,更重要的問(wèn)題不是這次空難,而是其他幾百萬(wàn)可以預(yù)防的死亡事件。

我們并沒(méi)有很多機(jī)會(huì)了解那些死亡事件。媒體總是報(bào)告新聞,幾百萬(wàn)人將要死去并非新聞。如果沒(méi)有人報(bào)道,那么這些事件就很容易被忽視。另一方面,即使我們確實(shí)目睹了事件本身或者看到了相關(guān)報(bào)道,我們也很難持續(xù)關(guān)注這些事件??粗耸芸嗍橇钊送纯嗟?,何況問(wèn)題又如此復(fù)雜,我們根本不知道如何去幫助他人。所以我們會(huì)將臉轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去。

就算我們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題所在,也不過(guò)是邁出了第一步,接著還有第二步:那就是從復(fù)雜的事件中找到解決辦法。

如果我們要讓關(guān)心落到實(shí)處,我們就必須找到解決辦法。如果我們有一個(gè)清晰的和可靠的答案,那么當(dāng)任何組織和個(gè)人發(fā)出疑問(wèn)'如何我能提供幫助'的時(shí)候,我們就能采取行動(dòng)。我們就能夠保證不浪費(fèi)一丁點(diǎn)全世界人類對(duì)他人的關(guān)心。但是,世界的復(fù)雜性使得很難找到對(duì)全世界每一個(gè)有愛(ài)心的人都有效的行動(dòng)方法,因此人類對(duì)他人的關(guān)心往往很難產(chǎn)生實(shí)際效果。

從這個(gè)復(fù)雜的世界中找到解決辦法,可以分為四個(gè)步驟:確定目標(biāo),找到最高效的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)適用于這個(gè)方法的新技術(shù),同時(shí)最聰明地利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù),不管它是復(fù)雜的藥物,還是最簡(jiǎn)單的蚊帳。

艾滋病就是一個(gè)例子??偟哪繕?biāo),毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是消滅這種疾病。最高效的方法是預(yù)防。最理想的技術(shù)是發(fā)明一種疫苗,只要注射一次,就可以終生免疫。所以,政府、制藥公司、基金會(huì)應(yīng)該資助疫苗研究。但是,這樣研究工作很可能十年之內(nèi)都無(wú)法完成。因此,與此同時(shí),我們必須使用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù),目前最有效的預(yù)防方法就是設(shè)法讓人們避免那些危險(xiǎn)的行為。

要實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)新的目標(biāo),又可以采用新的四步循環(huán)。這是一種模式。關(guān)鍵的東西是永遠(yuǎn)不要停止思考和行動(dòng)。我們千萬(wàn)不能再犯上個(gè)世紀(jì)在瘧疾和肺結(jié)核上犯過(guò)的錯(cuò)誤,那時(shí)我們因?yàn)樗鼈兲珡?fù)雜,而放棄了采取行動(dòng)。

在發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題和找到解決方法之后,就是最后一步--評(píng)估工作結(jié)果,將你的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)或者失敗經(jīng)驗(yàn)傳播出去,這樣其他人就可以從你的努力中有所收獲。

當(dāng)然,你必須有一些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。你必須讓他人知道,你的項(xiàng)目為幾百萬(wàn)兒童新接種了疫苗。你也必須讓他人知道,兒童死亡人數(shù)下降了多少。這些都是很關(guān)鍵的,不僅有利于改善項(xiàng)目效果,也有利于從商界和政府得到更多的幫助。

但是,這些還不夠,如果你想激勵(lì)其他人參加你的項(xiàng)目,你就必須拿出更多的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字;你必須展示你的項(xiàng)目的人性因素,這樣其他人就會(huì)感到拯救一個(gè)生命,對(duì)那些處在困境中的家庭到底意味著什么。

幾年前,我去瑞士達(dá)沃斯旁聽(tīng)一個(gè)全球健康問(wèn)題論壇,會(huì)議的內(nèi)容有關(guān)于如何拯救幾百萬(wàn)條生命。天哪,是幾百萬(wàn)!想一想吧,拯救一個(gè)人的生命已經(jīng)讓人何等激動(dòng),現(xiàn)在你要把這種激動(dòng)再乘上幾百萬(wàn)倍......但是,不幸的是,這是我參加過(guò)的最最乏味的論壇,乏味到我無(wú)法強(qiáng)迫自己聽(tīng)下去。

那次經(jīng)歷之所以讓我難忘,是因?yàn)橹拔覀儎倓偘l(fā)布了一個(gè)軟件的第13個(gè)版本,我們讓觀眾激動(dòng)得跳了起來(lái),喊出了聲。我喜歡人們因?yàn)檐浖械郊?dòng),那么我們?yōu)槭裁床荒軌蜃屓藗円驗(yàn)槟軌蛘壬械礁蛹?dòng)呢?

除非你能夠讓人們看到或者感受到行動(dòng)的影響力,否則你無(wú)法讓人們激動(dòng)。如何做到這一點(diǎn),并不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事。

同前面一樣,在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,我依然是樂(lè)觀的。不錯(cuò),人類的不平等有史以來(lái)一直存在,但是那些能夠化繁為簡(jiǎn)的新工具,卻是最近才出現(xiàn)的。這些新工具可以幫助我們,將人類的同情心發(fā)揮最大的作用,這就是為什么將來(lái)同過(guò)去是不一樣的。

這個(gè)時(shí)代無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在涌現(xiàn)出新的革新--生物技術(shù),計(jì)算機(jī),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)--它們給了我們一個(gè)從未有過(guò)的機(jī)會(huì),去終結(jié)那些極端的貧窮和非惡性疾病的死亡。

六十年前,喬治.馬歇爾也是在這個(gè)地方的畢業(yè)典禮上,宣布了一個(gè)計(jì)劃,幫助那些歐洲國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)后建設(shè)。他說(shuō):'我認(rèn)為,困難的一點(diǎn)是這個(gè)問(wèn)題太復(fù)雜,報(bào)紙和電臺(tái)向公眾源源不斷地提供各種事實(shí),使得大街上的普通人極端難于清晰地判斷形勢(shì)。事實(shí)上,經(jīng)過(guò)層層傳播,想要真正地把握形勢(shì),是根本不可能的。'

馬歇爾發(fā)表這個(gè)演講之后的三十年,我那一屆學(xué)生畢業(yè),當(dāng)然我不在其中。那時(shí),新技術(shù)剛剛開(kāi)始萌芽,它們將使得這個(gè)世界變得更小、更開(kāi)放、更容易看到、距離更近。

低成本的個(gè)人電腦的出現(xiàn),使得一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有機(jī)會(huì)誕生,它為學(xué)習(xí)和交流提供了巨大的機(jī)會(huì)。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)的神奇之處,不僅僅是它縮短了物理距離,使得天涯若比鄰。它還極大地增加了懷有共同想法的人們聚集在一起的機(jī)會(huì),我們可以為了解決同一個(gè)問(wèn)題,一起共同工作。這就大大加快了革新的進(jìn)程,發(fā)展速度簡(jiǎn)直快得讓人震驚。

與此同時(shí),世界上有條件上網(wǎng)的人,只是全部人口的六分之一。這意味著,還有許多具有創(chuàng)造性的人們,沒(méi)有加入到我們的討論中來(lái)。那些有著實(shí)際的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和相關(guān)經(jīng)歷的聰明人,卻沒(méi)有技術(shù)來(lái)幫助他們,將他們的天賦或者想法與全世界分享。

我們需要盡可能地讓更多的人有機(jī)會(huì)使用新技術(shù),因?yàn)檫@些新技術(shù)正在引發(fā)一場(chǎng)革命,人類將因此可以互相幫助。新技術(shù)正在創(chuàng)造一種可能,不僅是政府,還包括大學(xué)、公司、小機(jī)構(gòu)、甚至個(gè)人,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題所在、能夠找到解決辦法、能夠評(píng)估他們努力的效果,去改變那些馬歇爾六十年前就說(shuō)到過(guò)的問(wèn)題--饑餓、貧窮和絕望。

哈佛是一個(gè)大家庭。這個(gè)院子里在場(chǎng)的人們,是全世界最有智力的人類群體之一。

我們可以做些什么?

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),哈佛的老師、校友、學(xué)生和資助者,已經(jīng)用他們的能力改善了全世界各地人們的生活。但是,我們還能夠再做什么呢?有沒(méi)有可能,哈佛的人們可以將他們的智慧,用來(lái)幫助那些甚至從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到過(guò)'哈佛'這個(gè)名字的人?

請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向各位院長(zhǎng)和教授,提出一個(gè)請(qǐng)求----你們是哈佛的智力領(lǐng)袖,當(dāng)你們雇用新的老師、授予終身教職、評(píng)估課程、決定學(xué)位頒發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)問(wèn)你們自己如下的問(wèn)題:

我們最優(yōu)秀的人才是否在致力于解決我們最大的問(wèn)題?

哈佛是否鼓勵(lì)她的老師去研究解決世界上最嚴(yán)重的不平等?哈佛的學(xué)生是否從全球那些極端的貧窮中學(xué)到了什么......世界性的饑荒......清潔的水資源的缺乏......無(wú)法上學(xué)的女童......死于非惡性疾病的兒童.......哈佛的學(xué)生有沒(méi)有從中學(xué)到東西?

那些世界上過(guò)著最優(yōu)越生活的人們,有沒(méi)有從那些最困難的人們身上學(xué)到東西?

這些問(wèn)題并非語(yǔ)言上的修辭。你必須用自己的行動(dòng)來(lái)回答它們。

我的母親在我被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的那一天,曾經(jīng)感到非常驕傲。她從沒(méi)有停止督促我,去為他人做更多的事情。在我結(jié)婚的前幾天,她主持了一個(gè)新娘進(jìn)我家的儀式。在這個(gè)儀式上,她高聲朗讀了一封關(guān)于婚姻的信,這是她寫(xiě)給melinda的。那時(shí),我的母親已經(jīng)因?yàn)榘┌Y病入膏肓,但是她還是認(rèn)為這是又一個(gè)傳播她的信念的機(jī)會(huì)。在那封信的結(jié)尾,她寫(xiě)道:'你的能力越大,人們對(duì)你的期望也就越大。'

想一想吧,我們?cè)谶@個(gè)院子里的這些人,被給予過(guò)什么--天賦、特權(quán)、機(jī)遇--那么可以這樣說(shuō),全世界的人們幾乎有無(wú)限的權(quán)力,期待我們做出貢獻(xiàn)。

同這個(gè)時(shí)代的期望一樣,我也要向今天各位畢業(yè)的同學(xué)提出一個(gè)忠告:你們要選擇一個(gè)問(wèn)題,一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題,一個(gè)有關(guān)于人類深刻的不平等的問(wèn)題,然后你們要變成這個(gè)問(wèn)題的專家。如果你們能夠使得這個(gè)問(wèn)題成為你們職業(yè)的核心,那么你們就會(huì)非常杰出。但是,你們不必一定要去做那些大事。每個(gè)星期只用幾個(gè)小時(shí),你就可以通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)得到信息,找到志同道合的朋友,發(fā)現(xiàn)困難所在,找到解決它們的途徑。

不要讓這個(gè)世界的復(fù)雜性阻礙你前進(jìn)。要成為一個(gè)行動(dòng)主義者。將解決人類的不平等視為己任。它將成為你生命中最重要的經(jīng)歷之一。

在座的各位畢業(yè)的同學(xué),你們所處的時(shí)代是一個(gè)神奇的時(shí)代。當(dāng)你們離開(kāi)哈佛的時(shí)候,你們擁有的技術(shù),是我們那一屆學(xué)生所沒(méi)有的。你們已經(jīng)了解到了世界上的不平等,我們那時(shí)還不知道這些。有了這樣的了解之后,要是你再棄那些你可以幫助的人們于不顧,就將受到良心的譴責(zé),只需一點(diǎn)小小的努力,你就可以改變那些人們的生活。你們比我們擁有更大的能力;你們必須盡早開(kāi)始,盡可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)期堅(jiān)持下去。

知道了你們所知道的一切,你們?cè)趺纯赡懿徊扇⌒袆?dòng)呢?

我希望,30年后你們還會(huì)再回到哈佛,想起你們用自己的天賦和能力所做出的一切。我希望,在那個(gè)時(shí)候,你們用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不僅僅是你們的專業(yè)成就,而包括你們?yōu)楦淖冞@個(gè)世界深刻的不平等所做出的努力,以及你們?nèi)绾紊拼切┻h(yuǎn)隔千山萬(wàn)水、與你們毫不涉及的人們,你們與他們唯一的共同點(diǎn)就是同為人類。

最后,祝各位同學(xué)好運(yùn)。

人物評(píng)價(jià)

他享受辯論,就想聽(tīng)到不同觀點(diǎn),又總是想贏。可是好勝心和好奇心,并沒(méi)有影響蓋茨最終成為一個(gè)謙虛的人。(李開(kāi)復(fù)評(píng) )

比爾·蓋茨蓋茨是一個(gè)對(duì)技術(shù)有熱情、對(duì)人類有使命感的人。他有很多財(cái)富,但他自己的生活方式很簡(jiǎn)單,這種使命感是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的,而不是裝出來(lái)的。(張亞勤評(píng))

比爾·蓋茨賺的錢(qián)比人類歷史上所有人都多,他在努力把錢(qián)捐獻(xiàn)出去。大多數(shù)人也許會(huì)把錢(qián)用在別的地方,或是只捐出一點(diǎn)點(diǎn),并希望別人給他們別上勛章,而不是像比爾·蓋茨那樣,把全部的時(shí)間都用在尋找真正行之有效的東西。這就是他畢生的工作。(克林頓評(píng) )

如果蓋茨賣(mài)的不是軟件而是漢堡,他也會(huì)成為世界漢堡大王。(巴菲特評(píng))

他是一個(gè)非常非常聰明的家伙,而且深愛(ài)技術(shù)。(貝瑞特評(píng) )

第4篇 哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)福斯特在2022年畢業(yè)典禮英語(yǔ)演講稿

it is always a pleasure to greeta sea of alumni on commencement afternoon—even thoughmy role is that of thewarm-up act for the feature to come. today i am especially aware of thetreatwe have in store as i look out on not a sea, but a veritable ocean ofanticipation.

but it is my customary assignmentand privilege to offer each spring a report to thealumni on the year that isending. and this was a year that for a number of reasons demandsspecial note.

“the world is too much with us”—the lines of wordsworth’s well-known poem echoed in mymind as i thoughtabout my remarks today, for the world has intruded on us this year in wayswenever would have imagined. the university had not officially closed for a daysince 1978. thisyear it closed three times. twice it was for cases of e_tremeweather—first for superstorm sandyand then for nemo, the record-breakingfebruary blizzard. the third was of course the day ofboston’s lockdown in theaftermath of the tragic marathon bombings. this was a year thatchallengedfundamental assumptions about life’s security, stability and predictability.

yet as i reflected on theseintrusions from a world so very much with us, i was struck by howwe at harvardare so actively engaged in shaping that world and indeed in addressing somanyof the most important and trying questions that these recent events have posed.

just two weeks ago, climatescientists and disaster relief workers gathered here for a two-day conferenceco-sponsored by the harvard humanitarian initiative and the harvarduniversitycenter for the environment. they came to e_plore the very issues presentedbysandy and nemo and to consider how academic researchers and workers on theground cancollaborate more effectively.

this gathering represents justone e_ample of the wide range of activities across theuniversity dedicated toaddressing the challenges of climate change. how can we advance thesciencethat helps us understand climate change—and perhaps avert it? how can wedevisesolutions—from new technologies to principles of urban design—that mightmitigate it?how can we envision the public policies to manage and respond toit? harvard is deeplyengaged with the broad issues of energy andenvironment—offering more than 250 courses inthis area, gathering 225 facultythrough our environment center and its programs, enrolling100 doctoralstudents from 7 schools and many different disciplines in a graduateconsortiumdesigned to broaden their understanding of environmental issues. our facultyarestudying atmospheric composition and working to develop renewable energysources; theyare seeking to manage rising oceans and to reimagine cities foran era of increasinglythreatening weather; they are helping to fashionenvironmental regulations and internationalclimate agreements.

so the weather isn’t somethingthat simply happens at harvard, even though it may haveseemed that way when wehad to close twice this year. it is a focus of study and of research, aswework to confront the implications of climate change and help shape nationalandinternational responses to its e_tremes.

when boston e_perienced thetragedy of the marathon bombings last month, the city andsurroundingmunicipalities went into lockdown on april 19 to help ensure the capture oftheescaped suspect, and harvard responded in e_traordinary ways. within ourowncommunity, students, faculty and staff went well beyond their ordinaryresponsibilities tosupport one another and keep the university operatingsmoothly and safely underunprecedented circumstances. but we also witnessedour colleagues’ magnificent efforts tomeet the needs of boston and our other neighborsin the crisis. the harvard police worked withother law enforcement agencies,and several of our officers played a critical role in saving thelife of thetransit officer wounded in watertown. doctors, nurses and other staff, manyfrom ouraffiliated hospitals, performed a near-miracle in ensuring that everyinjured person who arrivedat a hospital survived. years of disaster planningand emergency readiness enabled theseinstitutions to act in a stunninglycoordinated and effective manner. i am deeply proud of thecontributions madeby members of the harvard community in the immediate aftermath of thebombings.

but our broader and ongoingresponsibility as a university is to ask and address the largerquestions anysuch tragedy poses: to prepare for the ne_t crisis and the one after that, evenaswe work to prevent them; to help us all understand the origins and themeaning of suchterrible events in human lives and societies. we do this workin the teaching and research towhich we devote ourselves every day.

investigators at the harvardhospitals are e_ploring improved techniques for managinginjury. researchers atbrigham and women’s, for instance, are pursuing the prospect of legtransplantsfor amputees. a faculty member in our school of engineering and appliedsciences isstudying traumatic brain injury. faculty in the business andkennedy schools are teaching andlearning about leadership in times ofcrisis—analyzing historic and contemporary e_amples,from shackleton inantarctica to katrina in new orleans—in order to search for lessons forthefuture. the very day of the lockdown, the mahindra humanities center and theharvard lawschool program on negotiation had scheduled a conference on“confronting evil,” e_aminingthe cognitive, behavioral and social implicationsof both what it called “everyday evils” and“e_traordinary crimes.” a few dayslater, the harvard divinity school assembled a panel ofe_perts to discuss“religion and terror,” e_ploring sources of violence in bosnia, in themiddleeast, and during the troubles in ireland, which served as a formativee_perience for ourdivinity school dean in his youth. at the institute ofpolitics at the kennedy school, lawenforcement, emergency management and othere_perts gathered to consider lessons learnedfrom the bombings. as we struggledto understand the events that shook our city and ourregion, members of ourcommunity were already engaged in interpreting the world that hadproduced suchtragedy and in seeking ways to prevent its recurrence.

three unusual days, making for anunusual year. yet these three unusual daysunderscore and illuminate the usualwork of this university: calling on knowledge andresearch to addressfundamental challenges and dilemmas with resources drawn from the widestscopeof human inquiry—from the insights of the natural and social sciences to thereflectionson meaning and values at the heart of the humanities. universitiesurge us towards a betterfuture and equip us as individuals and societies toget there.

yet other events this past yearremind us we cannot take what universities do for granted.this year hasbrought home not just the threats of e_treme weather and of terror andviolence.it has also been a year that has challenged fundamental assumptions undergirdingamericanhigher education and the foundations of our nation’s researchenterprise. i have just offerede_amples of how our research and teaching cancontribute to addressing urgent problems facingour world. we live in an era inwhich knowledge is more vital than ever to nations, economiesand societies.knowledge is, i often say, the most important currency of the twenty-firstcentury.and universities are the places that, more than any other, generateand disseminate thatknowledge.

in the united states, thepartnership between universities and the federal governmentestablished afterworld war ii has been a powerful engine of scientific discovery andprosperity.yet that partnership, now more than half a century old, is threatened by theerosionof federal support for research—a situation made acute by the sequester. anestimatedalmost $10 billion will be cut from the federal government’s researchbudget in 2022. thenational institutes of health calculates that cuts to itsresources could mean the loss of morethan 20,000 jobs in the life sciencessector. here at harvard, we receive appro_imately 16% ofour operating budgetfrom federal research funding. we anticipate we may see declines of asmuch as$40 million annually in federal support for research.

what does all this mean? facultyare finding that even grant applications with perfect scoresin peerevaluations are not getting funded. they see e_isting awards being reduced.aspiringyounger scientists are fearful they will not receive career-launchinggrants on which their futuredepends. some are entertaining overtures fromcountries outside the united states wherescience investment is robust ande_panding. students contemplating graduate training arewondering if theyshould pursue other options. great ideas that could lead to improvedhumanlives and opportunities, and improved understanding, are left without supportor themeans for further development.

the world and the nation need thekind of research that harvard and other americanresearch universitiesundertake. we need the knowledge and understanding thatresearchgenerates—knowledge about climate change, or crisis management, or melanoma,oreffective mental health interventions in schools, or hormones that might treatdiabetes, orany of a host of other worthy projects our faculty are currentlypursuing. we need the supportand encouragement for the students who willcreate our scientific future. we need theeconomic vitality—the jobs andcompanies—that these ideas and discoveries produce. we needthe nation toresist imposing a self-inflicted wound on its intellectual and human capital.weneed a nation that believes in, and invests in, its universities because werepresent aninvestment in the ideas and the people that will build and will bethe future.

so as i report to you on the yearwe now bring to a close, i want to underscore the threatto universities and toour national infrastructure of knowledge and discovery that thesequesterrepresents. even in a year when sometimes the world felt too much with us, wehavenever lost sight of how much what we do here has to do with the world. andfor the world. tosequester the search for knowledge, to sequester discovery,to sequester the unrelentingdrive of our students and faculty to envision andpursue this endless frontier—such a strategydoes more than threatenuniversities. it puts at risk the capacity and promise of universitiestofulfill our commitment to the public good, our commitment to our childrenandgrandchildren and to the future we will leave them. the challenges facing theworld are tooconsequential, the need for knowledge, imagination andunderstanding is too great, theopportunity for improving the human conditiontoo precious for us to do anything less thanrise to the occasion. with thedevotion of our alumni, with the inspiration of our new graduatesand—ihope—with the support of our nation’s leaders, we must and we will.

第5篇 比爾蓋茨在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講稿

president bok, former president rudenstine, incoming president faust, members of the harvard corporation and the board of overseers, members of the faculty, parents, and especially, the graduates:

尊敬的 bok 校長(zhǎng), rudenstine 前校長(zhǎng),即將上任的 faust 校長(zhǎng),哈佛集團(tuán)的各位成員,監(jiān)管理事會(huì)的各位理事,各位老師,各位家長(zhǎng),各位同學(xué):

i’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: dad, i always told you i’d come back and get my degree.

有一句話我等了三十年,現(xiàn)在終于可以說(shuō)了: “ 老爸,我總是跟你說(shuō),我會(huì)回來(lái)拿到我的學(xué)位的! ”

i want to thank harvard for this timely honor. i’ll be changing my job ne_t year … and it will be nice to finally have a college degree on my resume.

我要感謝哈佛大學(xué)在這個(gè)時(shí)候給我這個(gè)榮譽(yù)。明年,我就要換工作了(注:指從微軟公司退休) …… 我終于可以在簡(jiǎn)歷上寫(xiě)我有一個(gè)本科學(xué)位,這真是不錯(cuò)啊。

i applaud the graduates today for taking a much more direct route to your degrees. for my part, i’m just happy that the crimson has called me harvard’s most successful dropout. i guess that makes me valedictorian of my own special class … i did the best of everyone who failed.

我為今天在座的各位同學(xué)感到高興,你們拿到學(xué)位可比我簡(jiǎn)單多了。哈佛的校報(bào)稱我是 “ 哈佛大學(xué)歷史上最成功的輟學(xué)生 ” 。我想這大概使我有資格代表我這一類學(xué)生發(fā)言 …… 在所有的失敗者里,我做得最好。

but i also want to be recognized as the guy who got steve ballmer to drop out of business school. i’m a bad influence. that’s why i was invited to speak at your graduation. if i had spoken at your orientation, fewer of you might be here today.

但是,我還要提醒大家,我使得 steve ballmer (注:微軟總經(jīng)理)也從哈佛商學(xué)院退學(xué)了。因此,我是個(gè)有著惡劣影響力的人。這就是為什么我被邀請(qǐng)來(lái)在你們的畢業(yè)典禮上演講。如果我在你們?nèi)雽W(xué)歡迎儀式上演講,那么能夠堅(jiān)持到今天在這里畢業(yè)的人也許會(huì)少得多吧。

harvard was just a phenomenal e_perience for me. academic life was fascinating. i used to sit in on lots of classes i hadn’t even signed up for. and dorm life was terrific. i lived upat radcliffe, in currier house. there were always lots of people in my dorm room late at night discussing things, because everyone knew i didn’t worry about getting up in the morning. that’s how i came to be the leader of the anti-social group. we clung to each other as a way of validating our rejection of all those social people.

對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),哈佛的求學(xué)經(jīng)歷是一段非凡的經(jīng)歷。校園生活很有趣,我常去旁聽(tīng)我沒(méi)選修的課。哈佛的課外生活也很棒,我在 radcliffe 過(guò)著逍遙自在 的日子。每天我的寢室里總有很多人一直待到半夜,討論著各種事情。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都知道我從不考慮第二天早起。這使得我變成了校園里那些不安分學(xué)生的頭頭,我們互相粘在一起,做出一種拒絕所有正常學(xué)生的姿態(tài)。

radcliffe was a great place to live. there were more women up there, and most of the guys were science-math types. that combination offered me the best odds, if you know what i mean. this is where i learned the sad lesson that improving your odds doesn’t guarantee success.

radcliffe 是個(gè)過(guò)日子的好地方。那里的女生比男生多,而且大多數(shù)男生都是理工科的。這種狀況為我創(chuàng)造了最好的機(jī)會(huì),如果你們明白我的意思??上У氖牵艺窃谶@里學(xué)到了人生中悲傷的一課:機(jī)會(huì)大,并不等于你就會(huì)成功。

one of my biggest memories of harvard came in january 1975, when i made a call from currier house to a company in albuquerque that had begun making the world’s first personal computers. i offered to sell them software.

我在哈佛最難忘的回憶之一,發(fā)生在 1975 年 1 月。那時(shí),我從宿舍樓里給位于 albuquerque 的一家公司打了一個(gè)電話,那家公司已經(jīng)在著手制造世界上第一臺(tái)個(gè)人電腦。我提出想向他們出售軟件。

i worried that they would realize i was just a student in a dorm and hang up on me. instead they said: we’re not quite ready, come see us in a month, which was a good thing, because we hadn’t written the software yet. from that moment, i worked day and night on this little e_tra credit project that marked the end of my college education and the beginning of a remarkable journey with microsoft.

我很擔(dān)心,他們會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)我是一個(gè)住在宿舍的學(xué)生,從而掛斷電話。但是他們卻說(shuō): “ 我們還沒(méi)準(zhǔn)備好,一個(gè)月后你再來(lái)找我們吧。 ” 這是個(gè)好消息,因?yàn)槟菚r(shí) 軟件還根本沒(méi)有寫(xiě)出來(lái)呢。就是從那個(gè)時(shí)候起,我日以繼夜地在這個(gè)小小的課外項(xiàng)目上工作,這導(dǎo)致了我學(xué)生生活的結(jié)束,以及通往微軟公司的不平凡的旅程的開(kāi) 始。

what i remember above all about harvard was being in the midst of so much energy and intelligence. it could be e_hilarating, intimidating, sometimes even discouraging, but always challenging. it was an amazing privilege – and though i left early, i was transformed by my years at harvard, the friendships i made, and the ideas i worked on.

不管怎樣,我對(duì)哈佛的回憶主要都與充沛的精力和智力活動(dòng)有關(guān)。哈佛的生活令人愉快,也令人感到有壓力,有時(shí)甚至?xí)械叫箽?,但永遠(yuǎn)充滿了挑戰(zhàn)性。生 活在哈佛是一種吸引人的特殊待遇 …… 雖然我離開(kāi)得比較早,但是我在這里的經(jīng)歷、在這里結(jié)識(shí)的朋友、在這里發(fā)展起來(lái)的一些想法,永遠(yuǎn)地改變了我。

but taking a serious look back … i do have one big regret.

但是,如果現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)肅地回憶起來(lái),我確實(shí)有一個(gè)真正的遺憾。

i left harvard with no real awareness of the awful inequities in the world – the appalling disparities of health, and wealth, and opportunity that condemn millions of people to lives of despair.

我離開(kāi)哈佛的時(shí)候,根本沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這個(gè)世界是多么的不平等。人類在健康、財(cái)富和機(jī)遇上的不平等大得可怕,它們使得無(wú)數(shù)的人們被迫生活在絕望之中。

i learned a lot here at harvard about new ideas in economics and politics. i got great e_posure to the advances being made in the sciences.

我在哈佛學(xué)到了很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和政治學(xué)的新思想。我也了解了很多科學(xué)上的新進(jìn)展。

but humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries are applied to reduce inequity. whether through democracy, strong public education, quality health care, or broad economic opportunity – reducing inequity is the highest human achievement.

但是,人類最大的進(jìn)步并不來(lái)自于這些發(fā)現(xiàn),而是來(lái)自于那些有助于減少人類不平等的發(fā)現(xiàn)。不管通過(guò)何種手段 —— 民主制度、健全的公共教育體系、高質(zhì)量的醫(yī)療保健、還是廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì) —— 減少不平等始終是人類最大的成就。

i left campus knowing little about the millions of young people cheated out of educational opportunities here in this country. and i knew nothing about the millions of people living in unspeakable poverty and disease in developing countries.

我離開(kāi)校園的時(shí)候,根本不知道在這個(gè)國(guó)家里,有幾百萬(wàn)的年輕人無(wú)法獲得接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。我也不知道,發(fā)展中國(guó)家里有無(wú)數(shù)的人們生活在無(wú)法形容的貧窮和疾病之中。

it took me decades to find out.

我花了幾十年才明白了這些事情。

you graduates came to harvard at a different time. you know more about the world’s inequities than the classes that came before. in your years here, i hope you’ve had a chance to think about how – in this age of accelerating technology – we can finally take on these inequities, and we can solve them.

在座的各位同學(xué),你們是在與我不同的時(shí)代來(lái)到哈佛的。你們比以前的學(xué)生,更多地了解世界是怎樣的不平等。在你們的哈佛求學(xué)過(guò)程中,我希望你們已經(jīng)思考過(guò)一個(gè)問(wèn)題,那就是在這個(gè)新技術(shù)加速發(fā)展的時(shí)代,我們?cè)鯓幼罱K應(yīng)對(duì)這種不平等,以及我們?cè)鯓觼?lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

imagine, just for the sake of discussion, that you had a few hours a week and a few dollars a month to donate to a cause – and you wanted to spend that time and money where it would have the greatest impact in saving and improving lives. where would you spend it?

為了討論的方便,請(qǐng)想象一下,假如你每個(gè)星期可以捐獻(xiàn)一些時(shí)間、每個(gè)月可以捐獻(xiàn)一些錢(qián) —— 你希望這些時(shí)間和金錢(qián),可以用到對(duì)拯救生命和改善人類生活有最大作用的地方。你會(huì)選擇什么地方?

for melinda and for me, the challenge is the same: how can we do the most good for the greatest number with the resources we have.

對(duì) melinda (注:蓋茨的妻子)和我來(lái)說(shuō),這也是我們面臨的問(wèn)題:我們?nèi)绾文軐⑽覀儞碛械馁Y源發(fā)揮出最大的作用。

during our discussions on this question, melinda and i read an article about the millions of children who were dying every year in poor countries from diseases that we had long ago made harmless in this country. measles, malaria, pneumonia, hepatitis b, yellow fever. one disease i had never even heard of, rotavirus, was killing half a million kids each year – none of them in the united states.

在討論過(guò)程中, melinda 和我讀到了文章,里面說(shuō)在那些貧窮的國(guó)家,每年有數(shù)百萬(wàn)的兒童死于那些在美國(guó)早已不成問(wèn)題的疾病。麻疹、瘧疾、肺

炎、乙型肝炎、黃熱病、還有一種以前我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的輪狀病毒,這些疾病每年導(dǎo)致 50 萬(wàn)兒童死亡,但是在美國(guó)一例死亡病例也沒(méi)有。

we were shocked. we had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them. but it did not. for under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren’t being delivered.

我們被震驚了。我們想,如果幾百萬(wàn)兒童正在死亡線上掙扎,而且他們是可以被挽救的,那么世界理應(yīng)將用藥物拯救他們作為頭等大事。但是事實(shí)并非如此。那些價(jià)格還不到一美元的救命的藥劑,并沒(méi)有送到他們的手中。

if you believe that every life has equal value, it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not. we said to ourselves: this can’t be true. but if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.

如果你相信每個(gè)生命都是平等的,那么當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)某些生命被挽救了,而另一些生命被放棄了,你會(huì)感到無(wú)法接受。我們對(duì)自己說(shuō): “ 事情不可能如此。如果這是真的,那么它理應(yīng)是我們努力的頭等大事。 ”

so we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it. we asked: how could the world let these children die?

所以,我們用任何人都會(huì)想到的方式開(kāi)始工作。我們問(wèn): “ 這個(gè)世界怎么可以眼睜睜看著這些孩子死去? ”

the answer is simple, and harsh. the market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it. so the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.

答案很簡(jiǎn)單,也很令人難堪。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,拯救兒童是一項(xiàng)沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)的工作,政府也不會(huì)提供補(bǔ)助。這些兒童之所以會(huì)死亡,是因?yàn)樗麄兊母改冈诮?jīng)濟(jì)上沒(méi)有實(shí)力,在政治上沒(méi)有能力發(fā)出聲音。

but you and i have both.

但是,你們和我在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有實(shí)力,在政治上能夠發(fā)出聲音。

we can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism – if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities. we also can press governments around the world to spend ta_payer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the ta_es.

我們可以讓市場(chǎng)更好地為窮人服務(wù),如果我們能夠設(shè)計(jì)出一種更有創(chuàng)新性的資本主義制度 —— 如果我們可以改變市場(chǎng),讓更多的人可以獲得利潤(rùn),或者至少可 以維持生活 —— 那么,這就可以幫到那些正在極端不平等的狀況中受苦的人們。我們還可以向全世界的政府施壓,要求他們將納稅人的錢(qián),花到更符合納稅人價(jià)值觀 的地方。

if we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world. this task is open-ended. it can never be finished. but a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change the world.

如果我們能夠找到這樣一種方法,既可以幫到窮人,又可以為商人帶來(lái)利潤(rùn),為政治家?guī)?lái)選票,那么我們就找到了一種減少世界性不平等的可持續(xù)的發(fā)展道路。這個(gè)任務(wù)是無(wú)限的。它不可能被完全完成,但是任何自覺(jué)地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的嘗試,都將會(huì)改變這個(gè)世界。

i am optimistic that we can do this, but i talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope. they say: inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end – because people just … don’t … care. i completely disagree.

在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,我是樂(lè)觀的。但是,我也遇到過(guò)那些感到絕望的懷疑主義者。他們說(shuō): “ 不平等從人類誕生的第一天就存在,到人類滅亡的最后一天也將存在。 —— 因?yàn)槿祟悓?duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題根本不在乎。 ” 我完全不能同意這種觀點(diǎn)。

i believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.

我相信,問(wèn)題不是我們不在乎,而是我們不知道怎么做。

all of us here in this yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing – not because we didn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do. if we had known how to help, we would have acted.

此刻在這個(gè)院子里的所有人,生命中總有這樣或那樣的時(shí)刻,目睹人類的悲劇,感到萬(wàn)分傷心。但是我們什么也沒(méi)做,并非我們無(wú)動(dòng)于衷,而是因?yàn)槲覀儾恢雷鍪裁春驮趺醋觥H绻覀冎廊绾巫鍪怯行У?,那么我們就?huì)采取行動(dòng)。

the barrier to change is not too little caring; it is too much comple_ity.

改變世界的阻礙,并非人類的冷漠,而是世界實(shí)在太復(fù)雜。

to turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact. but comple_ity blocks all three steps.

為了將關(guān)心轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾袆?dòng),我們需要找到問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)解決辦法的方法,評(píng)估后果。但是世界的復(fù)雜性使得所有這些步驟都難于做到。

even with the advent of the internet and 24-hour news, it is still a comple_ enterprise to get people to truly see the problems. when an airplane crashes, officials immediately call a press conference. they promise to investigate, determine the cause, and prevent similar crashes in the future.

即使有了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和 24 小時(shí)直播的新聞臺(tái),讓人們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題所在,仍然十分困難。當(dāng)一架飛機(jī)墜毀了,官員們會(huì)立刻召開(kāi)新聞發(fā)布會(huì),他們承諾進(jìn)行調(diào)查、找到原因、防止將來(lái)再次發(fā)生類似事故。

but if the officials were brutally honest, they would say: of all the people in the world who died today from preventable causes, one half of one percent of them were on this plane. we’re determined to do everything possible to solve the problem that took the lives of the one half of one percent.

但是如果那些官員敢說(shuō)真話,他們就會(huì)說(shuō): “ 在今天這一天,全世界所有可以避免的死亡之中,只有

0.5% 的死者來(lái)自于這次空難。我們決心盡一切努力,調(diào)查這個(gè) 0.5% 的死亡原因。 ”

the bigger problem is not the plane crash, but the millions of preventable deaths.

顯然,更重要的問(wèn)題不是這次空難,而是其他幾百萬(wàn)可以預(yù)防的死亡事件。

we don’t read much about these deaths. the media covers what’s new – and millions of people dying is nothing new. so it stays in the background, where it’s easier to ignore. but even when we do see it or read about it, it’s difficult to keep our eyes on the problem. it’s hard to look at suffering if the situation is so comple_ that we don’t know how to help. and so we look away.

我們并沒(méi)有很多機(jī)會(huì)了解那些死亡事件。媒體總是報(bào)告新聞,幾百萬(wàn)人將要死去并非新聞。如果沒(méi)有人報(bào)道,那么這些事件就很容易被忽視。另一方面,即使 我們確實(shí)目睹了事件本身或者看到了相關(guān)報(bào)道,我們也很難持續(xù)關(guān)注這些事件??粗耸芸嗍橇钊送纯嗟?,何況問(wèn)題又如此復(fù)雜,我們根本不知道如何去幫助他 人。所以我們會(huì)將臉轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去。

if we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the comple_ity to find a solution.

就算我們真正發(fā)現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題所在,也不過(guò)是邁出了第一步,接著還有第二步:那就是從復(fù)雜的事件中找到解決辦法。

finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring. if we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks how can i help?, then we can get action – and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted. but comple_ity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares — and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.

如果我們要讓關(guān)心落到實(shí)處,我們就必須找到解決辦法。如果我們有一個(gè)清晰的和可靠的答案,那么當(dāng)任何組織和個(gè)人發(fā)出疑問(wèn) “ 如何我能提供幫助 ” 的時(shí) 候,我們就能采取行動(dòng)。我們就能夠保證不浪費(fèi)一丁點(diǎn)全世界人類對(duì)他人的關(guān)心。但是,世界的復(fù)雜性使得很難找到對(duì)全世界每一個(gè)有愛(ài)心的人都有效的行動(dòng)方法, 因此人類對(duì)他人的關(guān)心往往很難產(chǎn)生實(shí)際效果。

cutting through comple_ity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have — whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bednet.

從這個(gè)復(fù)雜的世界中找到解決辦法,可以分為四個(gè)步驟:確定目標(biāo),找到最高效的方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)適用于這個(gè)方法的新技術(shù),同時(shí)最聰明地利用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù),不管它是復(fù)雜的藥物,還是最簡(jiǎn)單的蚊帳。

the aids epidemic offers an e_ample. the broad goal, of course, is to end the disease. the highest-leverage approach is prevention. the ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose. so governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research. but their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand – and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.

艾滋病就是一個(gè)例子??偟哪繕?biāo),毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是消滅這種疾病。最高效的方法是預(yù)防。最理想的技術(shù)是發(fā)明一種疫苗,只要注射一次,就可以終生免疫。所以, 政府、制藥公司、基金會(huì)應(yīng)該資助疫苗研究。但是,這樣研究工作很可能十年之內(nèi)都無(wú)法完成。因此,與此同時(shí),我們必須使用現(xiàn)有的技術(shù),目前最有效的預(yù)防方法 就是設(shè)法讓人們避免那些危險(xiǎn)的行為。

pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again. this is the pattern. the crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working – and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century – which is to surrender to comple_ity and quit.

要實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)新的目標(biāo),又可以采用新的四步循環(huán)。這是一種模式。關(guān)鍵的東西是永遠(yuǎn)不要停止思考和行動(dòng)。我們千萬(wàn)不能再犯上個(gè)世紀(jì)在瘧疾和肺結(jié)核上犯過(guò)的錯(cuò)誤,那時(shí)我們因?yàn)樗鼈兲珡?fù)雜,而放棄了采取行動(dòng)。

the final step – after seeing the problem and finding an approach – is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.

在發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題和找到解決方法之后,就是最后一步 —— 評(píng)估工作結(jié)果,將你的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)或者失敗經(jīng)驗(yàn)傳播出去,這樣其他人就可以從你的努力中有所收獲。

you have to have the statistics, of course. you have to be able to show that a program is vaccinating millions more children. you have to be able to show a decline in the number of children dying from these diseases. this is essential not just to improve the program, but also to help draw more investment from business and government.

當(dāng)然,你必須有一些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。你必須讓他人知道,你的項(xiàng)目為幾百萬(wàn)兒童新接種了疫苗。你也必須讓他人知道,兒童死亡人數(shù)下降了多少。這些都是很關(guān)鍵的,不僅有利于改善項(xiàng)目效果,也有利于從商界和政府得到更多的幫助。

but if you want to inspire people to participate, you have to show more than numbers; you have to convey the human impact of the work – so people can feel what saving a life means to the families affected.

但是,這些還不夠,如果你想激勵(lì)其他人參加你的項(xiàng)目,你就必須拿出更多的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字;你必須展示你的項(xiàng)目的人性因素,這樣其他人就會(huì)感到拯救一個(gè)生命,對(duì)那些處在困境中的家庭到底意味著什么。

i remember going to davos some years back and sitting on a global health panel that was discussing ways to save millions of lives. millions! think of the thrill of saving just one person’s life – then multiply that by millions. … yet this was the most boring panel i’ve ever been on – ever. so boring even i couldn’t bear it.

幾年前,我去瑞士達(dá)沃斯旁聽(tīng)一個(gè)全球健康問(wèn)題論壇,會(huì)議的內(nèi)容有關(guān)于如何拯救幾百萬(wàn)條生命。天哪,是幾百萬(wàn)!想一想吧,拯救一個(gè)人的生命已經(jīng)讓人何等激動(dòng),現(xiàn)在你要把這種激動(dòng)再乘上幾百萬(wàn)倍 …… 但是,不幸的是,這是我參加過(guò)的最最乏味的論壇,乏味到我無(wú)法強(qiáng)迫自己聽(tīng)下去。

what made that e_perience especially striking was that i had just come from an event where we were introducing version 13 of some piece of software, and we had people jumping and shouting with e_citement. i love getting people e_cited about software – but why can’t we generate even more e_citement for saving lives?

那次經(jīng)歷之所以讓我難忘,是因?yàn)橹拔覀儎倓偘l(fā)布了一個(gè)軟件的第 13 個(gè)版本,我們讓觀眾激動(dòng)得跳了起來(lái),喊出了聲。我喜歡人們因?yàn)檐浖械郊?dòng),那么我們?yōu)槭裁床荒軌蜃屓藗円驗(yàn)槟軌蛘壬械礁蛹?dòng)呢?

you can’t get people e_cited unless you can help them see and feel the impact. and how you do that – is a comple_ question.

除非你能夠讓人們看到或者感受到行動(dòng)的影響力,否則你無(wú)法讓人們激動(dòng)。如何做到這一點(diǎn),并不是一件簡(jiǎn)單的事。

still, i’m optimistic. yes, inequity has been with us forever, but the new tools we have to cut through comple_ity have not been with us forever. they are new – they can help us make the most of our caring – and that’s why the future can be different from the past.

同前面一樣,在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上,我依然是樂(lè)觀的。不錯(cuò),人類的不平等有史以來(lái)一直存在,但是那些能夠化繁為簡(jiǎn)的新工具,卻是最近才出現(xiàn)的。這些新工具可以幫助我們,將人類的同情心發(fā)揮最大的作用,這就是為什么將來(lái)同過(guò)去是不一樣的。

the defining and ongoing innovations of this age – biotechnology, the computer, the internet – give us a chance we’ve never had before to end e_treme poverty and end death from preventable disease.

這個(gè)時(shí)代無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻不在涌現(xiàn)出新的革新 —— 生物技術(shù),計(jì)算機(jī),互聯(lián)網(wǎng) —— 它們給了我們一個(gè)從未有過(guò)的機(jī)會(huì),去終結(jié)那些極端的貧窮和非惡性疾病的死亡。

si_ty years ago, george marshall came to this commencement and announced a plan to assist the nations of post-war europe. he said: i think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous comple_ity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it e_ceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation. it is virtually impossible at this distance to grasp at all the real significance of the situation.

六十年前,喬治 . 馬歇爾也是在這個(gè)地方的畢業(yè)典禮上,宣布了一個(gè)計(jì)劃,幫助那些歐洲國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)后建設(shè)。他說(shuō): “ 我認(rèn)為,困難的一點(diǎn)是這個(gè)問(wèn)題太復(fù)雜, 報(bào)紙和電臺(tái)向公眾源源不斷地提供各種事實(shí),使得大街上的普通人極端難于清晰地判斷形勢(shì)。事實(shí)上,經(jīng)過(guò)層層傳播,想要真正地把握形勢(shì),是根本不可能的。 ”

thirty years after marshall made his address, as my class graduated without me, technology was emerging that would make the world smaller, more open, more visible, less distant.

馬歇爾發(fā)表這個(gè)演講之后的三十年,我那一屆學(xué)生畢業(yè),當(dāng)然我不在其中。那時(shí),新技術(shù)剛剛開(kāi)始萌芽,它們將使得這個(gè)世界變得更小、更開(kāi)放、更容易看到、距離更近。

the emergence of low-cost personal computers gave rise to a powerful network that has transformed opportunities for learning and communicating.

低成本的個(gè)人電腦的出現(xiàn),使得一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)有機(jī)會(huì)誕生,它為學(xué)習(xí)和交流提供了巨大的機(jī)會(huì)。

the magical thing about this network is not just that it collapses distance and makes everyone your neighbor. it also dramatically increases the number of brilliant minds we can have working together on the same problem – and that scales up the rate of innovation to a staggering degree.

網(wǎng)絡(luò)的神奇之處,不僅僅是它縮短了物理距離,使得天涯若比鄰。它還極大地增加了懷有共同想法的人們聚集在一起的機(jī)會(huì),我們可以為了解決同一個(gè)問(wèn)題,一起共同工作。這就大大加快了革新的進(jìn)程,發(fā)展速度簡(jiǎn)直快得讓人震驚。

at the same time, for every person in the world who has access to this technology, five people don’t. that means many creative minds are left out of this discussion -- smart people with practical intelligence and relevant e_perience who don’t have the technology to hone their talents or contribute their ideas to the world.

與此同時(shí),世界上有條件上網(wǎng)的人,只是全部人口的六分之一。這意味著,還有許多具有創(chuàng)造性的人們,沒(méi)有加入到我們的討論中來(lái)。那些有著實(shí)際的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和相關(guān)經(jīng)歷的聰明人,卻沒(méi)有技術(shù)來(lái)幫助他們,將他們的天賦或者想法與全世界分享。

we need as many people as possible to have access to this technology, because these advances are triggering a revolution in what human beings can do for one another. they are making it possible not just for national governments, but for universities, corporations, smaller organizations, and even individuals to see problems, see approaches, and measure the impact of their efforts to address the hunger, poverty, and desperation george marshall spoke of 60 years ago.lunwen001.cn provided

我們需要盡可能地讓更多的人有機(jī)會(huì)使用新技術(shù),因?yàn)檫@些新技術(shù)正在引發(fā)一場(chǎng)革命,人類將因此可以互相幫助。新技術(shù)正在創(chuàng)造一種可能,不僅是政府,還 包括大學(xué)、公司、小機(jī)構(gòu)、甚至個(gè)人,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題所在、能夠找到解決辦法、能夠評(píng)估他們努力的效果,去改變那些馬歇爾六十年前就說(shuō)到過(guò)的問(wèn)題 —— 饑餓、貧 窮和絕望。

members of the harvard family: here in the yard is one of the great collections of intellectual talent in the world.

哈佛是一個(gè)大家庭。這個(gè)院子里在場(chǎng)的人們,是全世界最有智力的人類群體之一。

what for?

我們可以做些什么?

there is no question that the faculty, the alumni, the students, and the benefactors of harvard have used their power to improve the lives of people here and around the world. but can we do more? can harvard dedicate its intellect to improving the lives of people who will never even hear its name?

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),哈佛的老師、校友、學(xué)生和資助者,已經(jīng)用他們的能力改善了全世界各地人們的生活。但是,我們還能夠再做什么呢?有沒(méi)有可能,哈佛的人們可以將他們的智慧,用來(lái)幫助那些甚至從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到過(guò) “ 哈佛 ” 這個(gè)名字的人?

let me make a request of the deans and the professors – the intellectual leaders here at harvard: as you hire new faculty, award tenure, review curriculum, and determine degree requirements, please ask yourselves:lunwen001.cn provided

請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我向各位院長(zhǎng)和教授,提出一個(gè)請(qǐng)求 —— 你們是哈佛的智力領(lǐng)袖,當(dāng)你們雇用新的老師、授予終身教職、評(píng)估課程、決定學(xué)位頒發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)候,請(qǐng)問(wèn)你們自己如下的問(wèn)題:

should our best minds be dedicated to solving our biggest problems?

我們最優(yōu)秀的人才是否在致力于解決我們最大的問(wèn)題?

should harvard encourage its faculty to take on the world’s worst inequities? should harvard students learn about the depth of global poverty … the prevalence of world hunger … the scarcity of clean water …the girls kept out of school … the children who die from diseases we can cure?

哈佛是否鼓勵(lì)她的老師去研究解決世界上最嚴(yán)重的不平等?哈佛的學(xué)生是否從全球那些極端的貧窮中學(xué)到了什么 …… 世界性的饑荒 …… 清潔的水資源的缺乏 …… 無(wú)法上學(xué)的女童 …… 死于非惡性疾病的兒童 …… 哈佛的學(xué)生有沒(méi)有從中學(xué)到東西?

should the world’s most privileged people learn about the lives of the world’s least privileged?

那些世界上過(guò)著最優(yōu)越生活的人們,有沒(méi)有從那些最困難的人們身上學(xué)到東西?

these are not rhetorical questions – you will answer with your policies.

這些問(wèn)題并非語(yǔ)言上的修辭。你必須用自己的行動(dòng)來(lái)回答它們。

my mother, who was filled with pride the day i was admitted here – never stopped pressing me to do more for others. a few days before my wedding, she hosted a bridal event, at which she read aloud a letter about marriage that she had written to melinda. my mother was very ill with cancer at the time, but she saw one more opportunity to deliver her message, and at the close of the letter she said: from those to whom much is given, much is e_pected.lunwen001.cn provided

我的母親在我被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的那一天,曾經(jīng)感到非常驕傲。她從沒(méi)有停止督促我,去為他人做更多的事情。在我結(jié)婚的前幾天,她主持了一個(gè)新娘進(jìn)我家的 儀式。在這個(gè)儀式上,她高聲朗讀了一封關(guān)于婚姻的信,這是她寫(xiě)給 melinda 的。那時(shí),我的母親已經(jīng)因?yàn)榘┌Y病入膏肓,但是她還是認(rèn)為這是又一個(gè)傳播她 的信念的機(jī)會(huì)。在那封信的結(jié)尾,她寫(xiě)道: “ 對(duì)于那些接受了許多幫助的人們,他們還在期待更多的幫助。 ”

when you consider what those of us here in this yard have been given – in talent, privilege, and opportunity – there is almost no limit to what the world has a right to e_pect from us.

想一想吧,我們?cè)谶@個(gè)院子里的這些人,被給予過(guò)什么 —— 天賦、特權(quán)、機(jī)遇 —— 那么可以這樣說(shuō),全世界的人們幾乎有無(wú)限的權(quán)力,期待我們做出貢獻(xiàn)。

in line with the promise of this age, i want to e_hort each of the graduates here to take on an issue – a comple_ problem, a deep inequity, and become a specialist on it. if you make it the focus of your career, that would be phenomenal. but you don’t have to do that to make an impact. for a few hours every week, you can use the growing power of the internet to get informed, find others with the same interests, see the barriers, and find ways to cut through them.lunwen001.cn provided

同這個(gè)時(shí)代的期望一樣,我也要向今天各位畢業(yè)的同學(xué)提出一個(gè)忠告:你們要選擇一個(gè)問(wèn)題,一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題,一個(gè)有關(guān)于人類深刻的不平等的問(wèn)題,然后你 們要變成這個(gè)問(wèn)題的專家。如果你們能夠使得這個(gè)問(wèn)題成為你們職業(yè)的核心,那么你們就會(huì)非常杰出。但是,你們不必一定要去做那些大事。每個(gè)星期只用幾個(gè)小 時(shí),你就可以通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)得到信息,找到志同道合的朋友,發(fā)現(xiàn)困難所在,找到解決它們的途徑。

don’t let comple_ity stop you. be activists. take on the big inequities. it will be one of the great e_periences of your lives.

不要讓這個(gè)世界的復(fù)雜性阻礙你前進(jìn)。要成為一個(gè)行動(dòng)主義者。將解決人類的不平等視為己任。它將成為你生命中最重要的經(jīng)歷之一。

you graduates are coming of age in an amazing time. as you leave harvard, you have technology that members of my class never had. you have awareness of global inequity, which we did not have. and with that awareness, you likely also have an informed conscience that will torment you if you abandon these people whose lives you could change with very little effort. you have more than we had; you must start sooner, and carry on longer.

在座的各位畢業(yè)的同學(xué),你們所處的時(shí)代是一個(gè)神奇的時(shí)代。當(dāng)你們離開(kāi)哈佛的時(shí)候,你們擁有的技術(shù),是我們那一屆學(xué)生所沒(méi)有的。你們已經(jīng)了解到了世界 上的不平等,我們那時(shí)還不知道這些。有了這樣的了解之后,要是你再棄那些你可以幫助的人們于不顧,就將受到良心的譴責(zé),只需一點(diǎn)小小的努力,你就可以改變 那些人們的生活。你們比我們擁有更大的能力;你們必須盡早開(kāi)始,盡可能長(zhǎng)時(shí)期堅(jiān)持下去。

knowing what you know, how could you not?

知道了你們所知道的一切,你們?cè)趺纯赡懿徊扇⌒袆?dòng)呢?

and i hope you will come back here to harvard 30 years from now and reflect on what you have done with your talent and your energy. i hope you will judge yourselves not on your professional accomplishments alone, but also on how well you have addressed the world’s deepest inequities … on how well you treated people a world away who have nothing in common with you but their humanity.

我希望, 30 年后你們還會(huì)再回到哈佛,想起你們用自己的天賦和能力所做出的一切。我希望,在那個(gè)時(shí)候,你們用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),不僅僅是你們的專業(yè)

成就,而包括你們?yōu)楦淖冞@個(gè)世界深刻的不平等所做出的努力,以及你們?nèi)绾紊拼切┻h(yuǎn)隔千山萬(wàn)水、與你們毫不涉及的人們,你們與他們唯一的共同點(diǎn)就是同為人 類。

good luck.

最后,祝各位同學(xué)好運(yùn)。

第6篇 邁克爾·布隆伯格在哈佛大學(xué)2022年畢業(yè)典禮英語(yǔ)演講稿

thank you, katie – and thank you to president faust, the fellows of harvard college, the boardof overseers, and all the faculty, alumni, and students who have welcomed me back to campus.

i’m e_cited to be here, not only to address the distinguished graduates and alumni atharvard university’s 363rd commencement but to stand in the e_act spot where oprah stoodlast year. omg.

let me begin with the most important order of business: let’s have a big round of applause forthe class of 2022! they’ve earned it!

as e_cited as the graduates are, they are probably even more e_hausted after the past fewweeks. and parents: i’m not referring to their final e_ams. i’m talking about the seniorolympics, the last chance dance, and the booze cruise – i mean, the moonlight cruise.

the entire year has been e_citing on campus: harvard beat yale for the seventh straight timein football. the men’s basketball team went to the second round of the ncaa tournament forthe second straight year. and the men’s squash team won national championship.

who’d a thunk it: harvard, an athletic powerhouse! pretty soon they’ll be asking whether youhave academics to go along with your athletic programs.

my personal connection to harvard began in 1964, when i graduated from johns hopkinsuniversity in baltimore and matriculated here at the b-school.

you’re probably asking: how did i ever get into harvard business school, given my stellaracademic record, where i always made the top half of the class possible? i have no idea. andthe only people more surprised than me were my professors.

anyway, here i am again back in cambridge. and i have noticed that a few things havechanged since i was a student here. elsie’s – a sandwich spot i used to love near the square –is now a burrito shop. the wursthaus – which had great beer and sausage – is now an artisanalgastro-pub, whatever the heck that is. and the old holyoke center is now named the smithcampus center.

don’t you just hate it when alumni put their names all over everything? i was thinking aboutthat this morning as i walked into the bloomberg center on the harvard business schoolcampus across the river.

but the good news is, harvard remains what it was when i first arrived on campus 50 yearsago: america’s most prestigious university. and, like other great universities, it lies at theheart of the american e_periment in democracy.

their purpose is not only to advance knowledge, but to advance the ideals of our nation. greatuniversities are places where people of all backgrounds, holding all beliefs, pursuing allquestions, can come to study and debate their ideas – freely and openly.

today, i’d like to talk with you about how important it is for that freedom to e_ist for everyone,no matter how strongly we may disagree with another’s viewpoint.

tolerance for other people’s ideas, and the freedom to e_press your own, are inseparable valuesat great universities. joined together, they form a sacred trust that holds the basis of ourdemocratic society.

but that trust is perpetually vulnerable to the tyrannical tendencies of monarchs, mobs, andmajorities. and lately, we have seen those tendencies manifest themselves too often, both oncollege campuses and in our society.

that’s the bad news – and unfortunately, i think both harvard, and my own city of new york,have been witnesses to this trend.

first, for new york city. several years ago, as you may remember, some people tried to stopthe development of a mosque a few blocks from the world trade center site.

it was an emotional issue, and polls showed that two-thirds of americans were against amosque being built there. even the anti-defamation league – widely regarded as the country’smost ardent defender of religious freedom – declared its opposition to the project.

the opponents held rallies and demonstrations. they denounced the developers. and theydemanded that city government stop its construction. that was their right – and we protectedtheir right to protest. but they could not have been more wrong. and we refused to cave in totheir demands.

the idea that government would single out a particular religion, and block its believers – andonly its believers – from building a house of worship in a particular area is diametricallyopposed to the moral principles that gave rise to our great nation and the constitutionalprotections that have sustained it.

our union of 50 states rests on the union of two values: freedom and tolerance. and it is thatunion of values that the terrorists who attacked us on september 11th, 2022 – and on april15th, 2022 – found most threatening.

to them, we were a god-less country.

but in fact, there is no country that protects the core of every faith and philosophy known tohuman kind – free will – more than the united states of america. that protection, however,rests upon our constant vigilance.

we like to think that the principle of separation of church and state is settled. it is not. and itnever will be. it is up to us to guard it fiercely – and to ensure that equality under the lawmeans equality under the law for everyone.

if you want the freedom to worship as you wish, to speak as you wish, and to marry whom youwish, you must tolerate my freedom to do so – or not do so – as well.

what i do may offend you. you may find my actions immoral or unjust. but attempting torestrict my freedoms – in ways that you would not restrict your own – leads only to injustice.

we cannot deny others the rights and privileges that we demand for ourselves. and that is truein cities – and it is no less true at universities, where the forces of repression appear to bestronger now than they have been since the 1950s.

when i was growing up, u.s. senator joe mccarthy was asking: ‘are you now or have you everbeen?’ he was attempting to repress and criminalize those who sympathized with an economicsystem that was, even then, failing.

mccarthy’s red scare destroyed thousands of lives, but what was he so afraid of? an idea – inthis case, communism – that he and others deemed dangerous.

but he was right about one thing: ideas can be dangerous. they can change society. they canupend traditions. they can start revolutions. that’s why throughout history, those in authorityhave tried to repress ideas that threaten their power, their religion, their ideology, or theirreelection chances.

that was true for socrates and galileo, it was true for nelson mandela and václav havel, and ithas been true for ai wei wei, pussy riot, and the kids who made the ‘happy’ video in iran.

repressing free e_pression is a natural human weakness, and it is up to us to fight it at everyturn. intolerance of ideas – whether liberal or conservative – is antithetical to individualrights and free societies, and it is no less antithetical to great universities and first-ratescholarship.

there is an idea floating around college campuses – including here at harvard – that scholarsshould be funded only if their work conforms to a particular view of justice. there’s a word forthat idea: censorship. and it is just a modern-day form of mccarthyism.

think about the irony: in the 1950s, the right wing was attempting to repress left wing ideas.today, on many college campuses, it is liberals trying to repress conservative ideas, even asconservative faculty members are at risk of becoming an endangered species. and perhapsnowhere is that more true than here in the ivy league.

in the 2022 presidential race, according to federal election commission data, 96 percent of allcampaign contributions from ivy league faculty and employees went to barack obama.

ninety-si_ percent. there was more disagreement among the old soviet politburo than there isamong ivy league donors.

that statistic should give us pause – and i say that as someone who endorsed president obamafor reelection – because let me tell you, neither party has a monopoly on truth or god on itsside.

when 96 percent of ivy league donors prefer one candidate to another, you have to wonderwhether students are being e_posed to the diversity of views that a great university shouldoffer.

diversity of gender, ethnicity, and orientation is important. but a university cannot be great ifits faculty is politically homogenous. in fact, the whole purpose of granting tenure to professorsis to ensure that they feel free to conduct research on ideas that run afoul of university politicsand societal norms.

when tenure was created, it mostly protected liberals whose ideas ran up against conservativenorms.

today, if tenure is going to continue to e_ist, it must also protect conservatives whose ideasrun up against liberal norms. otherwise, university research – and the professors who conductit – will lose credibility.

great universities must not become predictably partisan. and a liberal arts education mustnot be an education in the art of liberalism.

the role of universities is not to promote an ideology. it is to provide scholars and studentswith a neutral forum for researching and debating issues – without tipping the scales in onedirection, or repressing unpopular views.

requiring scholars – and commencement speakers, for that matter – to conform to certainpolitical standards undermines the whole purpose of a university.

this spring, it has been disturbing to see a number of college commencement speakerswithdraw – or have their invitations rescinded – after protests from students and – to me,shockingly – from senior faculty and administrators who should know better.

it happened at brandeis, haverford, rutgers, and smith. last year, it happened at swarthmoreand johns hopkins, i’m sorry to say.

in each case, liberals silenced a voice – and denied an honorary degree – to individuals theydeemed politically objectionable. that is an outrage and we must not let it continue.

if a university thinks twice before inviting a commencement speaker because of his or herpolitics censorship and conformity – the mortal enemies of freedom – win out.

and sadly, it is not just commencement season when speakers are censored.

last fall, when i was still in city hall, our police commissioner was invited to deliver a lecture atanother ivy league institution – but he was unable to do so because students shouted himdown.

isn’t the purpose of a university to stir discussion, not silence it? what were the studentsafraid of hearing? why did administrators not step in to prevent the mob from silencingspeech? and did anyone consider that it is morally and pedagogically wrong to deprive otherstudents the chance to hear the speech?

i’m sure all of today’s graduates have read john stuart mill’s on liberty. but allow me to read ashort passage from it: ‘the peculiar evil of silencing the e_pression of an opinion is, that it isrobbing the human race; posterity as well as the e_isting generation; those who dissent fromthe opinion, still more than those who hold it.’

he continued: ‘if the opinion is right, they are deprived of the opportunity of e_changingerror for truth: if wrong, they lose, what is almost as great a benefit, the clearer perceptionand livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.’

mill would have been horrified to learn of university students silencing the opinions of others. hewould have been even more horrified that faculty members were often part of thecommencement censorship campaigns.

for tenured faculty members to silence speakers whose views they disagree with is the heightof hypocrisy, especially when these protests happen in the northeast – a bastion of self-professed liberal tolerance.

i’m glad to say, however, that harvard has not caved in to these commencement censorshipcampaigns. if it had, colorado state senator michael johnston would not have had the chanceto address the education school yesterday.

some students called on the administration to rescind the invitation to johnston becausethey opposed some of his education policies. but to their great credit, president faust anddean ryan stood firm.

as dean ryan wrote to students: ‘i have encountered many people of good faith who share mybasic goals but disagree with my own views when it comes to the question of how best toimprove education. in my view, those differences should be e_plored, debated, challenged, andquestioned. but they should also be respected and, indeed, celebrated.’

he could not have been more correct, and he could not have provided a more valuable finallesson to the class of 2022.

as a former chairman of johns hopkins, i strongly believe that a university’s obligation is notto teach students what to think but to teach students how to think. and that requires listeningto the other side, weighing arguments without prejudging them, and determining whether theother side might actually make some fair points.

if the faculty fails to do this, then it is the responsibility of the administration and governingbody to step in and make it a priority. if they do not, if students graduate with ears and mindsclosed, the university has failed both the student and society.

and if you want to know where that leads, look no further than washington, d.c.

down in washington, every major question facing our country – involving our security, oureconomy, our environment, and our health – is decided.

yet the two parties decide these questions not by engaging with one another, but by trying toshout each other down, and by trying to repress and undermine research that runs counterto their ideology. the more our universities emulate that model, the worse off we will be as asociety.

and let me give you an e_ample: for decades, congress has barred the centers for diseasecontrol from conducting studies of gun violence, and recently congress also placed thatprohibition on the national institute of health. you have to ask yourself: what are they afraidof?

this year, the senate has delayed a vote on president obama’s nominee for surgeon general –dr. vivek murthy, a harvard physician – because he had the audacity to say that gunviolence is a public health crisis that should be tackled. the gall of him!

let’s get serious: when 86 americans are killed with guns every single day, and shootingsregularly occur at our schools and universities – including last week’s tragedy at santa barbara– it would be almost medical malpractice to say anything else.

but in politics – as it is on too many college campuses – people don’t listen to facts that runcounter to their ideology. they fear them. and nothing is more frightening to them thanscientific evidence.

earlier this year, the state of south carolina adopted new science standards for its publicschools – but the state legislature blocked any mention of natural selection. that’s liketeaching economics – without mentioning supply and demand.

again, you have to ask: what are they afraid of?

the answer, of course, is obvious: just as members of congress fear data that underminestheir ideological beliefs, these state legislators fear scientific evidence that undermines theirreligious beliefs.

and if you want proof of that, consider this: an 8-year old girl in south carolina wrote tomembers of the state legislature urging them to make the woolly mammoth the official statefossil. the legislators thought it was a great idea, because a woolly mammoth fossil was foundin the state way back in 1725. but the state senate passed a bill defining the woolly mammothas having been ‘created on the 6th day with the beasts of the field.’

you can’t make this stuff up.

here in 21st century america, the wall between church and state remains under attack – andit’s up to all of us to man the barricades.

unfortunately, the same elected officials who put ideology and religion over data and sciencewhen it comes to guns and evolution are often the most unwilling to accept the scientificdata on climate change.

now, don’t get me wrong: scientific skepticism is healthy. but there is a world of differencebetween scientific skepticism that seeks out more evidence and ideological stubbornness thatshuts it out.

given the general attitude of many elected officials toward science it’s no wonder that thefederal government has abdicated its responsibility to invest in scientific research, much ofwhich occurs at our universities.

today, federal spending on research and development as a percentage of gdp is lower than ithas been in more than 50 years which is allowing the rest of the world to catch up – and evensurpass – the u.s. in scientific research.

the federal government is flunking science, just as many state governments are.

we must not become a country that turns our back on science, or on each other. and yougraduates must help lead the way.

on every issue, we must follow the evidence where it leads and listen to people where theyare. if we do that, there is no problem we cannot solve. no gridlock we cannot break. nocompromise we cannot broker.

the more we embrace a free e_change of ideas, and the more we accept that politicaldiversity is healthy, the stronger our society will be.

now, i know this has not been a traditional commencement speech, and it may keep mefrom passing a dissertation defense in the humanities department, but there is no easy timeto say hard things.

graduates: throughout your lives, do not be afraid of saying what you believe is right, nomatter how unpopular it may be, especially when it comes to defending the rights of others.

standing up for the rights of others is in some ways even more important than standing up foryour own rights. because when people seek to repress freedom for some, and you remainsilent, you are complicit in that repression and you may well become its victim.

do not be complicit, and do not follow the crowd. speak up, and fight back.

you will take your lumps, i can assure you of that. you will lose some friends and make someenemies. but the arc of history will be on your side, and our nation will be stronger for it.

now, all of you graduates have earned today’s celebration, and you have a lot to be proud ofand a lot to be grateful for. so tonight, as you leave this great university behind, have one lastscorpion bowl at the kong – on second thought, don’t – and tomorrow, get to work making ourcountry and our world freer than ever, for everyone.

good luck and god bless.

第7篇 哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)在北大演講:如何造就一流大學(xué)

哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)勞倫斯·薩默斯教授北大演講

閔校長(zhǎng)、許校長(zhǎng),感謝你們熱情洋溢的講話,感謝你們對(duì)我所表示的熱情友好,也感謝你們對(duì)哈佛大

學(xué)代表團(tuán)表示出的熱情友好.

我相信,哈佛大學(xué)代表團(tuán)這次北京之行是有史以來(lái)我們?cè)L問(wèn)中國(guó)最大的代表團(tuán).我認(rèn)為,這表明了中

國(guó)在 21 世紀(jì)的世界舞臺(tái)上的重要性.這也表明了我們共同的努力:追求知識(shí),教書(shū)育人.能來(lái)到中國(guó)和

全世界最好的大學(xué)之一訪問(wèn),我感到萬(wàn)分激動(dòng).更令我高興的是我能有機(jī)會(huì)與這么多的學(xué)子談?wù)勊麄儗⒁^

承的這個(gè)世界.

如果你們認(rèn)真思考我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)所做的一切,如果你們能認(rèn)真思考全球化這一現(xiàn)象,我想我們今天的特

殊地位和全球化現(xiàn)象已清楚地表明全世界正在進(jìn)行一種深刻的轉(zhuǎn)變.這就是:與以前相比,知識(shí)對(duì)人類活動(dòng)

的每一方面來(lái)說(shuō)都變得越來(lái)越重要.想想我們周?chē)囊恍├樱覉?jiān)信,兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以后,當(dāng)今天所發(fā)生的一

切被載入史冊(cè)的時(shí)候,柏林墻的倒塌和冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束只能在歷史書(shū)中被放在第二位.被放在第一位的應(yīng)該是二

十世紀(jì)后五十年中,十幾億或者是近二十億人邁入了現(xiàn)代化的社會(huì);是十年之內(nèi)人們的生活水平雙倍的增長(zhǎng)

,而且又是在十年之內(nèi)億萬(wàn)人們的生活水平發(fā)生了增長(zhǎng).我相信,在人類歷史的第二個(gè)千年,這一事件足以

與文藝復(fù)興和工業(yè)革命相媲美.

這些增長(zhǎng)的中心是什么?這個(gè)中心是中國(guó).中國(guó)在近兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),發(fā)生了巨大的變化.這個(gè)中心也

是知識(shí),是知識(shí)的傳播和擴(kuò)散,因?yàn)樵跉W洲和北美洲根本找不到一個(gè)國(guó)家能象中國(guó)一樣在上一個(gè)十年之中以

及上上一個(gè)十年中有如此快的增長(zhǎng)速度.

這反映了現(xiàn)代科技為融合提供了巨大的機(jī)會(huì).這也反映了知識(shí)的力量.有些事是值得我們思考的:我

們現(xiàn)在生活在這樣一個(gè)人類歷史階段,科學(xué)有能搞明白疾病產(chǎn)生過(guò)程的潛力.在我們?cè)谧娜四芸吹降娜兆?/p>

里,科學(xué)有潛力在每一個(gè)分子的層面上搞明白是什么地方出了毛病,是什么讓人類痛苦和死亡,并且能發(fā)現(xiàn)

一些可操作的方式,找到治療這些疾病的辦法.在我們活著的這一時(shí)代,我們能夠比其它任何人類歷史上的

時(shí)代更有能看到醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)步發(fā)展的潛力.

這一切還與什么有關(guān)呢?它還與知識(shí)的增加有關(guān).我們知道知識(shí)是在不斷增加,知道學(xué)術(shù)研究的過(guò)程

,也知道知識(shí)在尋找其并不明顯的用途的過(guò)程.我們知道善于發(fā)現(xiàn)新奇事物這種天賦的作用;我們也知道各

種機(jī)構(gòu)的作用.

讓我對(duì)知識(shí)進(jìn)行一個(gè)總的評(píng)論,這就是,你根本沒(méi)有辦法說(shuō)出最有用的知識(shí)是從何而來(lái)的,你無(wú)法預(yù)

測(cè)它來(lái)自何處;你也無(wú)法設(shè)計(jì)一些程序來(lái)找到最有用的知識(shí)的形式是什么.

讓我給大家舉兩個(gè)截然不同的例子.也許從某些方面來(lái)說(shuō),我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)教授的最抽象的科目是數(shù)學(xué).

也許在數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中被運(yùn)用的最少的是數(shù)字理論,即對(duì)數(shù)字的研究.你們中間任何一個(gè)發(fā)過(guò) email 的人都會(huì)

從在近二十五年中發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)字理論中獲益,因?yàn)殛P(guān)于素?cái)?shù)(譯者注,術(shù)語(yǔ):只能被 1 和該數(shù)本身整除的數(shù)

)的研究是編碼計(jì)算程序的基礎(chǔ),這種計(jì)算程序是今天每一方面的電子通訊和電子交流的基礎(chǔ).這些,都來(lái)

自于我們所擁有的最抽象的一類知識(shí).

我再給大家舉一個(gè)與此完全不同的例子.這個(gè)例子來(lái)自于局勢(shì)很困難的那部分世界,而且,從某種意

義上來(lái)說(shuō),今天我們舉這個(gè)例子似乎有些奇怪.這些年來(lái),美國(guó)對(duì)世界和平所做出的巨大貢獻(xiàn)之一就是

1978 年在戴維營(yíng)就中東沖突在以巴雙方達(dá)成的協(xié)議.很顯然,我們并不是今天中東地區(qū)和平的唯一途徑,

但是那是通向穩(wěn)定的重要的一步,據(jù)參與過(guò)這次談判的人說(shuō),我們的總統(tǒng)所具有的一種能力是他能促成以巴

和平的關(guān)鍵.這種能力就是他能從每一個(gè)被爭(zhēng)議地點(diǎn)的《圣經(jīng)》名稱及其在《圣經(jīng)》中的作用談起.對(duì)宗教

的研究和對(duì) 20__ 年前歷史的研究,看來(lái)抽象和深?yuàn)W,然而,這些知識(shí)對(duì)一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的、實(shí)際的成就來(lái)說(shuō)是

很重要的.

人們可以不停地從大學(xué)的幾乎每一知識(shí)領(lǐng)域來(lái)談?wù)撝R(shí)的重要性,但是,我認(rèn)為有一類知識(shí)是我們很

難掌握的,那就是預(yù)測(cè)哪一類型的研究、哪一類型的純理論的探索會(huì)對(duì)未來(lái)社會(huì)做出最巨大的貢獻(xiàn).但是,

同樣地,正因?yàn)槲覀儾荒茴A(yù)言到哪一類型的知識(shí)會(huì)對(duì)我們的社會(huì)做出巨大貢獻(xiàn),我們才能有信心地預(yù)言 ,

新知識(shí)、新觀點(diǎn)、新方法和聰明的想法對(duì)我們的未來(lái)是很重要的.

很顯然,這種對(duì)知識(shí)創(chuàng)新的追求不只是越來(lái)越多地出現(xiàn)在大學(xué)里,而且出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)作中,這

些非常實(shí)際并為利潤(rùn)驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)構(gòu)在我們這個(gè)社會(huì)里為自己做著籌劃.不久以前有一次,我與美國(guó)一個(gè)名牌大

學(xué)的天體物理學(xué)教授聊天,他問(wèn)我,哪個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)雇用的博士畢業(yè)生最多.我認(rèn)為,有可能是哈佛大學(xué),也有可

能是某個(gè)天文臺(tái).而他給我的答案是摩根·斯坦利,美國(guó)最大的投資銀行.這家銀行過(guò)去一直在搜尋那些極

其有資質(zhì),非常有能力做數(shù)量研究的人才,因?yàn)檫@些人能在金融市場(chǎng)上發(fā)揮很大的作用.

的確,如果我們看看這些一流的商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu),我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們正在不斷地尋找非常有創(chuàng)造力、受過(guò)最

好的教育、資質(zhì)超群的人.的確,如果我們看看世界上一流的機(jī)構(gòu),我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)絹?lái)越多地開(kāi)始具有

一流大學(xué)的一些特質(zhì).

那么,一流大學(xué)最典型的特色是什么?首先:思想的價(jià)值是通過(guò)思想者所擁有的品質(zhì)來(lái)判斷的,而不

是通過(guò)他們的地位來(lái)判斷的.哈佛大學(xué)的教授希望他們的學(xué)生能做一些創(chuàng)新的東西.當(dāng)學(xué)生做研究驗(yàn)證某一

教授提出的假設(shè)或理論時(shí),這個(gè)教授當(dāng)然希望這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果出來(lái)后會(huì)證實(shí)他的假設(shè)而不是推翻它.教授也是

人.然而,無(wú)論研究的結(jié)果是什么,這個(gè)教授會(huì)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究很重要,值得一做,值得提出,也值得發(fā)

表.我們哈佛大學(xué)有些教授對(duì)進(jìn)化論的本質(zhì)、環(huán)境問(wèn)題和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題有他們獨(dú)特的見(jiàn)解;但是每一個(gè)教授都堅(jiān)

持認(rèn)為大學(xué)的職責(zé)就是雇傭一流的、最有發(fā)展前途的學(xué)者加入他們的院系,無(wú)論這些學(xué)者是否贊同他們的研

究成果.

這種強(qiáng)調(diào)以質(zhì)量來(lái)判斷思想的做法正在走向全世界.商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的人們談到統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)的消亡、談到團(tuán)隊(duì)

精神的重要性在增加、談到強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的重要性.我敢說(shuō),這種通過(guò)質(zhì)量而不是來(lái)源來(lái)判斷思想的方法對(duì)近

二十幾年發(fā)生在中國(guó)的革命至關(guān)重要,它也對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)所取得的巨大進(jìn)步至關(guān)重要.

大學(xué)所承擔(dān)的第二個(gè)重要的任務(wù)是對(duì)視角多樣化的承諾,不管這個(gè)人來(lái)自于什么背景,只要他能為我們

的卓越做出貢獻(xiàn),我們就愿意招徠他.這一點(diǎn)也正在被更廣泛的世界努力趕上.這也一直是我們哈佛大學(xué)不

斷追求探索的東西.一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,哈佛大學(xué)是一個(gè)出身富裕家庭的紳士培育來(lái)自新英格蘭富裕家庭的年輕

紳士的地方.它不向上過(guò)公立學(xué)校的學(xué)生開(kāi)放;也不向黑人學(xué)生開(kāi)放,也不向女生開(kāi)放;也不向出生在美國(guó)

大部分地方的學(xué)生開(kāi)放.就在半個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,有些哈佛教員由于他們的宗教信仰不同而被迫離開(kāi)學(xué)校.哈佛

大學(xué)對(duì)某些團(tuán)體也有限制,因?yàn)槿绻幌拗七@些團(tuán)體,它們就會(huì)變得太多,會(huì)使人們覺(jué)得不舒服.

現(xiàn)在,哈佛是一所非常開(kāi)放的大學(xué),無(wú)論是男生或是女生、無(wú)論你的信仰是什么、無(wú)論你來(lái)自哪個(gè)種

族、無(wú)論你來(lái)自美國(guó)的哪個(gè)州,也無(wú)論你來(lái)自世界上的哪個(gè)國(guó)家,任何人都可以進(jìn)入哈佛大學(xué).但是,如果

我們想更加包容和開(kāi)放,如果我們想從多樣化視角所帶來(lái)的好處中受益,或者更進(jìn)一步地說(shuō),如果我們想把

最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生和老師吸引到哈佛大學(xué)來(lái),我們?nèi)匀贿€有很遠(yuǎn)的路要走.我們必須把我們拋向杰出人材的網(wǎng)張

的越大越好.

正如大學(xué)的演變一樣,最優(yōu)秀和最尖端的商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的最好的一些國(guó)家的政府,都不再根據(jù)人際

關(guān)系來(lái)挑選少數(shù)的精英,而是轉(zhuǎn)向發(fā)現(xiàn)最有才能的人、最能給他們做出貢獻(xiàn)的人.在這方面,我們也有很長(zhǎng)

的路要走.但是,我們正在進(jìn)步,我們的進(jìn)步在很大一部分上是基于大學(xué)的模式.

第三個(gè)區(qū)別是大學(xué)里最真實(shí)、最特殊的一點(diǎn),但是這一點(diǎn)在各種各樣的機(jī)構(gòu)中也越來(lái)越重要.在這一

點(diǎn)上,也許大學(xué)和中國(guó)有一些相似之處,這也就是:強(qiáng)調(diào)從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光來(lái)看問(wèn)題.當(dāng)我們考慮一項(xiàng)學(xué)術(shù)研究

時(shí),我們追求的不只是判斷它明天的影響、下一周、下一個(gè)月或下一年的影響,我們追求的是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,

為最終能產(chǎn)生最大影響的知識(shí)做貢獻(xiàn).

越來(lái)越多的一流的商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)、社會(huì)中一流的團(tuán)體,不僅在盡量快速地前進(jìn)來(lái)利用各種各樣的機(jī)會(huì),而

且還重視長(zhǎng)期效益,他們都在投資一些不只在明天,而是在將來(lái)會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響的思想.

讓我給大家舉一個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明三十年前在美國(guó)根本不可能發(fā)生的事情.美國(guó)的生物工程如果從其市場(chǎng)

價(jià)值來(lái)看,現(xiàn)在值幾千億美元.在美國(guó)的歷史上,從來(lái)沒(méi)有哪一年創(chuàng)造過(guò)這么高的利潤(rùn).這一切是怎么發(fā)生

的?這是因?yàn)槿藗兛吹搅怂鼘?huì)帶來(lái)的潛能,他們有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的眼光.他們進(jìn)行了投資,正如大學(xué)所在做的一樣

.當(dāng)大學(xué)引進(jìn)一流的學(xué)者,讓他們充分發(fā)揮其想象力時(shí),盡量不去指揮他們,依靠這種想法,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,

正是這些一流學(xué)者的知識(shí)才會(huì)有價(jià)值.

這是大學(xué)最根本的信仰,這是在美國(guó)已經(jīng)成功的信仰,而且,我認(rèn)為,它會(huì)給任何想追隨這一信仰的

人帶來(lái)成功.美國(guó)所授予的主要專利中大約有 75 %,從很重要的方面來(lái)講,是從以大學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的研究中

獲得靈感的.

來(lái)自世界各地在美國(guó)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生的愿望就是讓不為謀求利潤(rùn)、自然也不用“竟?fàn)帯币辉~的

大學(xué),同美國(guó)所擁有的任何一種出口業(yè)務(wù)比起來(lái)一樣成功.

那么,是什么促使美國(guó)大學(xué)成功?我們現(xiàn)在關(guān)于創(chuàng)辦一流大學(xué)的最佳見(jiàn)解是什么?我想就這個(gè)問(wèn)題的

幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行探討,我還想就大學(xué)未來(lái)發(fā)展所面臨的一些挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行探討.

首先,大學(xué)應(yīng)該不受政治和外界控制的干擾.在哈佛大學(xué),無(wú)論是馬薩諸塞州的州長(zhǎng)還是美國(guó)總統(tǒng)都

根本沒(méi)有權(quán)力決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該被任命為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授、工程學(xué)教授或醫(yī)學(xué)教授,他們根本沒(méi)有權(quán)力為他們的朋友或

自己的目的在哈佛大學(xué)指手劃腳.

讓我告訴大家一些其它的重要的東西,我認(rèn)為這也是為什么大學(xué)能夠成功的很重要的一部分.我們有

一些人在賺錢(qián)這方面非常成功.他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)方面為哈佛大學(xué)做出過(guò)巨大的貢獻(xiàn).有時(shí),我們用他們的名字來(lái)

命名學(xué)校的建筑物;有時(shí)我們用他們的名字來(lái)命名一些項(xiàng)目;有時(shí)我們還用他們的名字來(lái)命名一些教授職位

.今天早上當(dāng)介紹我的一些同事時(shí),你們可能已經(jīng)注意到他們中很多人的教授職位前都有掛名:有人被稱作

克芬斯汀數(shù)學(xué)教授,有人被稱為斯蒂姆森法學(xué)教授,還有其他一些教授職位也被提到過(guò).但是有一點(diǎn)我是可

以明確告訴大家的:你可以到哈佛大學(xué),提出承諾要為一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)教授、政治學(xué)教授或法學(xué)教授提供資助;但

是你無(wú)權(quán)告訴哈佛大學(xué)誰(shuí)應(yīng)該被任命為這一教授,或這個(gè)教授必須信奉什么.如果你這么做,我們就會(huì)說(shuō),

而且我們也曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò):“把你的錢(qián)拿到其他學(xué)校去.把你的錢(qián)拿到別的地方去.”我之所以強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)是因

為,我認(rèn)為,要理解創(chuàng)造智力卓越的源泉,這是創(chuàng)辦一流大學(xué)最基礎(chǔ)的東西.

對(duì)創(chuàng)辦一流大學(xué)至關(guān)重要的第二點(diǎn)是:這些大學(xué)在極力地爭(zhēng)奪最優(yōu)秀的人材.早些時(shí)候,在中國(guó)的一

次聚會(huì)上,有人問(wèn)我,對(duì)于想創(chuàng)建世界一流大學(xué)的人,我能給點(diǎn)什么建議.我說(shuō),從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,要想創(chuàng)建一

流大學(xué),只有一件事是非常重要的,那就是要擁有最具創(chuàng)造力、最積極思考、最聰明的師資.我說(shuō),如果一

個(gè)大學(xué)能夠成功地找到一流的年輕學(xué)者,吸引他們留在大學(xué)工作,他們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一些一流的學(xué)者和一流的學(xué)

生就會(huì)朝這些一流學(xué)者涌去;很多研究基金也會(huì)涌向這些一流學(xué)者.最終,成為一流大學(xué)的承諾是一定會(huì)實(shí)

現(xiàn)的.

創(chuàng)造一流意味著不能有完全同等對(duì)待每個(gè)人的觀念;創(chuàng)造一流意味著要有這樣一種觀念,那就是:擁

有最新思想的人一定是那些擁有最具威脅思想的人,而且學(xué)校還得學(xué)會(huì)化解這種威脅.創(chuàng)造一流意味著要接

受最優(yōu)秀的人,因?yàn)樽顑?yōu)秀的人并不總是最容易相處的人.的確,事實(shí)是能使人們最具創(chuàng)造力、使他們最富

挑戰(zhàn)性、并使他們的思想令人振奮的特點(diǎn)同時(shí)也是這些人難以以最順暢的方式適應(yīng)社會(huì)的特點(diǎn),而一流的大

學(xué)能理解這一點(diǎn),他們盡力去尋找這些最優(yōu)秀的人.

對(duì)保持一流大學(xué)很重要的第三點(diǎn)是:這些大學(xué)必須不斷尋找方式來(lái)衡量自己,不斷尋找方式來(lái)給自己

追求卓越的壓力.在商界,在追求經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的領(lǐng)域中,畢竟,大多數(shù)的機(jī)構(gòu)都是如此,他們有一種現(xiàn)成的方

式來(lái)衡量他們是否是一流的.這就是賬本底線.這就是利潤(rùn).而大學(xué)卻沒(méi)有這樣的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn).因此,大學(xué)需

要尋找其他的方式來(lái)確保自己總是朝一流大學(xué)的方向去努力.

那么,這些方式是什么呢?其中之一就是鼓勵(lì)學(xué)者們?nèi)ふ彝饷娴难芯炕穑诠鸫髮W(xué),我們的科

學(xué)家所進(jìn)行的很大一部分的研究并沒(méi)有得到學(xué)校的資助.部分理由是因?yàn)槲覀兊慕?jīng)費(fèi)緊缺.我們想確保這些

有限的經(jīng)費(fèi)能被用來(lái)支持那些如果大學(xué)不提供資金,其他人也不會(huì)資助的領(lǐng)域,這樣,我們就能把我們的資

金用在刀刃上.另一個(gè)很重要的原因是:有些能夠提供研究基金的機(jī)構(gòu)也在做他們自己的調(diào)查、做他們自己

的監(jiān)管,他們對(duì)什么是最出色的研究項(xiàng)目會(huì)做出自己的評(píng)判.當(dāng)他們進(jìn)行這些評(píng)判時(shí),資金就會(huì)流向那些能

不斷出成果的人,而不會(huì)再流向那些成果很少的人那里去.

在大學(xué),我們還做其他一些很重要的事,而且,我們還會(huì)在以后會(huì)更加積極地去做這些事.這就是:

對(duì)于學(xué)校的每一部門(mén),我們都會(huì)邀請(qǐng)世界上頂尖級(jí)的專家來(lái)評(píng)審我們的項(xiàng)目,告訴我們這項(xiàng)管理進(jìn)展的如何

、它的作用發(fā)揮的怎樣.我們用這些評(píng)審來(lái)作為我們確定未來(lái)方向的基礎(chǔ).我們不允許那些正在負(fù)責(zé)某一項(xiàng)

目的人來(lái)選擇誰(shuí)來(lái)評(píng)審這一項(xiàng)目.相反,我們會(huì)從外面尋找那些最挑剔的人來(lái)做評(píng)審.

這一原則不只適用于各種項(xiàng)目,而且也適用于個(gè)人.在一個(gè)人被任命為哈佛大學(xué)的教授之前,他需要

得到的不只是其所在領(lǐng)域?qū)?huì)成為其同事的人的認(rèn)可,我們還會(huì)發(fā)信給他所在領(lǐng)域的各方面的頂尖級(jí)專家.

這些專家要把這個(gè)人與同一領(lǐng)域的其他人進(jìn)行比較,在任命任何人為哈佛大學(xué)教授之前,我們都會(huì)對(duì)這些評(píng)

審進(jìn)行仔細(xì)考慮.比較和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是給自己壓力去不斷追求一流的重要方式.

大學(xué)的第四個(gè)方面是非常微妙和復(fù)雜的.那就是:大學(xué)以集體價(jià)值觀的名義把自己置于很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之

下,這一點(diǎn)很具有諷刺意味.我曾強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)也無(wú)權(quán)任命任何一個(gè)人作哈佛大學(xué)的教授.但是,同時(shí)

,美國(guó)一流大學(xué)的目標(biāo)就是要產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物.試想如果哈佛大學(xué)的一個(gè)學(xué)院有一個(gè)新院長(zhǎng)的空缺.這

個(gè)新院長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生的程序是什么?在世界很多地方,在全世界很多大學(xué)里,新院長(zhǎng)往往都是由這個(gè)學(xué)院的教員投

票選出來(lái)的,或新院長(zhǎng)是基于某一學(xué)院大多數(shù)教授的同意而被選出來(lái)的.這種方式是很有效的.當(dāng)一群教授

做得很成功時(shí),他們會(huì)從自己中間選出一個(gè)能使他們的成功最有效地延續(xù)的人.但是,這樣做也會(huì)常常產(chǎn)生

平庸的人,出現(xiàn)不少弊病,因?yàn)?,?dāng)一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)作的不是很好的時(shí)候,如果要選出一個(gè)新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),人們選出

的常常是一個(gè)不具威脅性的新領(lǐng)導(dǎo),而不是一個(gè)能承諾創(chuàng)造出卓越的新領(lǐng)導(dǎo).這也就是為什么,在哈佛大學(xué)

,我們給予大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)這個(gè)權(quán)力來(lái)任命各個(gè)學(xué)院的新院長(zhǎng).這也就是為什么,在一流大學(xué)里,大學(xué)董事會(huì)來(lái)選

擇大學(xué)校長(zhǎng),而不是通過(guò)大多數(shù)學(xué)生和教工的同意來(lái)選擇校長(zhǎng).

如果說(shuō)我在哈佛大學(xué)作為世界一流大學(xué)之際,非常榮幸地當(dāng)上了哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng),我確信其中很重要的

一個(gè)原因是:我只是自 1860 年美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后第七個(gè)成為哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)的人.確實(shí),讓有很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才

能的人長(zhǎng)期擔(dān)任職務(wù)的這一傳統(tǒng),使得大學(xué)能在不斷變化的時(shí)代持續(xù)更新自己.

我認(rèn)為以上列舉的每一方面:很強(qiáng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、外來(lái)的審察、對(duì)人才的無(wú)情競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、與政治的分離

,都非常重要,因?yàn)槠渲械拿恳粭l都不容易做到,每一條都很難.但是,在知識(shí)變得越來(lái)越重要的這一時(shí)代

,這些方面不只在大學(xué),而且在全社會(huì),都變得很常見(jiàn).

擺在我的大學(xué)、美國(guó)的大學(xué)、還有,依我之見(jiàn),全世界其他大學(xué)面前的主要挑戰(zhàn)是什么?我將重點(diǎn)談

論五個(gè)大的挑戰(zhàn),五個(gè)我認(rèn)為是非常重要的大問(wèn)題.我想,對(duì)這些問(wèn)題,我們有一些答案,但是,可以肯定

,我們并不是對(duì)每一個(gè)問(wèn)題都有答案.

首先,努力設(shè)法解決全球化的問(wèn)題,把我們最優(yōu)秀的東西傳播出去.從很多方面來(lái)講,世界與從前相

比已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越小了.正如我在演講剛開(kāi)始的時(shí)候提到的,十年前中國(guó)發(fā)展的狀況,那時(shí)人們沒(méi)有辦法從

中國(guó)往美國(guó)打電話,這表明我們現(xiàn)在比二十年前交流的機(jī)會(huì)多多了.一年前,如果你讓美國(guó)人說(shuō)出世界哪一

個(gè)地方非常遙遠(yuǎn)、非常落后,而且對(duì)美國(guó)無(wú)足輕重,他們很有可能會(huì)選阿富汗,這是襲擊紐約的本·拉登恐

怖分子的大本營(yíng).我們需要調(diào)整大學(xué)的的教育來(lái)促進(jìn)學(xué)生不光是對(duì)他們所居住的社區(qū)的了解,而且要促使他

們了解全世界.我們應(yīng)該保持一種社會(huì)感,這會(huì)極大地促進(jìn)大學(xué)的成功.

想達(dá)到這種平衡并不容易.哈佛大學(xué)與中國(guó)的緊密合作很重要,但是,如果這些合作只在中國(guó)進(jìn)行,

那它就很難使遠(yuǎn)在馬薩諸塞州劍橋區(qū)的哈佛學(xué)生受益.因此,促進(jìn)我們對(duì)全球化的參與、對(duì)全球化的理解、

同時(shí)又保持我們的社會(huì)感,這些都是首要的、關(guān)鍵的挑戰(zhàn).

第二個(gè)關(guān)鍵的挑戰(zhàn)是保持大學(xué)的社區(qū)感,大學(xué)的自治感,因?yàn)橹R(shí)已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越有用和實(shí)際,而且

被更廣大的社會(huì)需要.我,作為一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授,一直被認(rèn)為是做抽象研究的的人,也都有機(jī)會(huì)擔(dān)任我們國(guó)

家的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng).當(dāng)我以部長(zhǎng)這一身份訪問(wèn)世界時(shí),我也遇到了許多其他曾經(jīng)是教授的人在他們各自的國(guó)家擔(dān)

任著類似的職務(wù).一個(gè)接一個(gè)的領(lǐng)域,出于實(shí)際的原因,人們對(duì)一流思想的需求為大學(xué)創(chuàng)造了巨大的、充分

發(fā)揮其貢獻(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì),但是,同時(shí),也產(chǎn)生了巨大的挑戰(zhàn).

第三點(diǎn),我們現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是保持我們對(duì)那些從目前來(lái)看不是很有實(shí)用價(jià)值的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域的承諾.我

認(rèn)為,正如我在這個(gè)演講的剛開(kāi)頭提到的,人們無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)什么知識(shí)領(lǐng)域會(huì)很有價(jià)值,對(duì)此我深信不疑.

適當(dāng)?shù)钠鹱饔玫乃伎紩?huì)使我們探索的范圍更大、更廣.

但是,當(dāng)我們急急忙忙地處理一些被每一代人再度提出的問(wèn)題時(shí),我們又遇到一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),那就是:我

們不應(yīng)該忘記一些永恒的問(wèn)題,如人性的本質(zhì)、人類的沖突、人類家庭以及許多傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)名著中所描述到的

一些進(jìn)退兩難的困境.在我們下決心要變得精明和目的明確時(shí),我們不應(yīng)該犧牲培養(yǎng)學(xué)生博學(xué)睿智的機(jī)會(huì).

這是大學(xué)非常重要的義務(wù),因?yàn)?,如果大學(xué)在管理方面的訓(xùn)練做得少一點(diǎn),社會(huì)上其他的機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)在這方面做

得更多一點(diǎn).如果大學(xué)不全面考慮未來(lái)商業(yè)的行為準(zhǔn)則,其他機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)考慮這一點(diǎn).但是如果大學(xué)不研究古代

的手稿,如果大學(xué)不尋求對(duì)歷史的理解,那么這些東西很可能就會(huì)失傳.這將會(huì)是人類的悲劇性的損失,也

是我們?cè)斐傻谋瘎⌒缘臓奚?/p>

第四,大學(xué)必須適應(yīng)不斷變化的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu).我們必須以某種方式調(diào)整我們的大學(xué)設(shè)置.這就是為什么

我們會(huì)有法學(xué)院;這就是為什么我們有教育學(xué)院;這就是為什么我們有物理和化學(xué)系;這也就是為什么我們

有社會(huì)學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系.但是,盡管存在著一個(gè)人類傳統(tǒng)的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),然而,沒(méi)有任何知識(shí)是一模一樣的

——沒(méi)有知識(shí),是永恒不變的.當(dāng)學(xué)者變得越來(lái)越專業(yè)化,這一點(diǎn)就變得越來(lái)越有道理.以前,據(jù)說(shuō)有一些

人可以掌握所有的知識(shí);后來(lái),據(jù)說(shuō)有一些人可以掌握某一學(xué)科,如物理和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),中所有的知識(shí);今天,

要掌握一個(gè)學(xué)科中的一個(gè)分支學(xué)科,如宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的知識(shí),都已經(jīng)變得越來(lái)越難了.但是,同時(shí),很多非常

重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)都是跨越傳統(tǒng)學(xué)科界限的,無(wú)論是在化學(xué)和生物之間,還是在考慮應(yīng)用于音樂(lè)研究和文學(xué)研究的

共同主題,或是在把教學(xué)的廣泛應(yīng)用擴(kuò)大到人類探尋的越來(lái)越多的領(lǐng)域.我們必須準(zhǔn)備去利用這些重要的邊

緣學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的研究.

最后,大學(xué)需要適應(yīng)這一不斷變幻的世界所帶來(lái)的變化的機(jī)會(huì).在未來(lái),教育將會(huì)變成一個(gè)終生的需

求.我們已經(jīng)看到被人們稱之為“燃料箱”的這一教育模式的結(jié)束,在這種教育模式下,人們年輕時(shí)用知識(shí)

來(lái)給自己填充燃料,接下來(lái)在其一生的工作中逐漸消耗所學(xué)的知識(shí),直到退休.現(xiàn)在,通過(guò)英特網(wǎng)向數(shù)千英

里以外的人傳送知識(shí)的機(jī)會(huì)大大地增加了.因此,教學(xué)本身、教學(xué)對(duì)象和教學(xué)方法都要改變.在一個(gè)重要科

學(xué)領(lǐng)域,如粒子物理,的主要研究論文現(xiàn)在有三百個(gè)合著者.諸如人類基因組測(cè)序之類的研究項(xiàng)目耗資數(shù)十

億美元.這種工作規(guī)模的變化、合作本質(zhì)的變化都會(huì)改變或迫使我們改變大學(xué)的這種我行我素的傳統(tǒng).但是

,同時(shí),正是我們對(duì)最有創(chuàng)造力的個(gè)人的尊重才會(huì)常常產(chǎn)生重大的成就.使大學(xué)適應(yīng)這些新的機(jī)會(huì),但是又

保存它最有特色的地方,這也是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代所面臨的另一挑戰(zhàn).

今天,我在此嘗試著談?wù)摿艘恍┪艺J(rèn)為對(duì)大學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要的幾個(gè)方面和大學(xué)面臨的一些挑戰(zhàn).我希

望我表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是正確.但是,我更希望我提出了正確的問(wèn)題,因?yàn)槲覉?jiān)持認(rèn)為,如果,在一個(gè)時(shí)代,一個(gè)

社會(huì)的富裕和成功是建立在如何更好地生產(chǎn)糧食上;而在另一個(gè)時(shí)代,一個(gè)社會(huì)的富裕和成功是建立在如何

更好地生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)用鋼鐵;那么,在我們正在前進(jìn)的當(dāng)今世界上,一個(gè)社會(huì)的富裕和成功是建立在如何產(chǎn)生和

運(yùn)用知識(shí).在這點(diǎn)上,沒(méi)有什么機(jī)構(gòu)能與大學(xué)相比.

(20__年)

第8篇 哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮中國(guó)學(xué)生演講稿

何江哈佛演講中英文完整版:《蜘蛛咬傷軼事》

when i was in middle school, a poisonous spider bit my right hand。 i ran to my mom for help—but instead of taking me to a doctor, my mom set my hand on fire。

在我讀初中的時(shí)候,有一次,一只毒蜘蛛咬傷了我的右手。我問(wèn)我媽媽該怎么處理---我媽媽并沒(méi)有帶我去看醫(yī)生,她而是決定用火療的方法治療我的傷口。

after wrapping my hand with several layers of cotton, then soaking it in wine, she put a chopstick into my mouth, and ignited the cotton。 heat quickly penetrated the cotton and began to roast my hand。 the searing pain made me want to scream, but the chopstick prevented it。 all i could do was watch my hand burn - one minute, then two minutes –until mom put out the fire。

她在我的手上包了好幾層棉花,棉花上噴撒了白酒,在我的嘴里放了一雙筷子,然后打火點(diǎn)燃了棉花。熱量逐漸滲透過(guò)棉花,開(kāi)始炙烤我的右手。灼燒的疼痛讓我忍不住想喊叫,可嘴里的筷子卻讓我發(fā)不出聲來(lái)。我只能看著我的手被火燒著,一分鐘,兩分鐘,直到媽媽熄滅了火苗。

you see, the part of china i grew up in was a rural village, and at that time pre-industrial。 when i was born, my village had no cars, no telephones, no electricity, not even running water。 and we certainly didn’t have access to modern medical resources。 there was no doctor my mother could bring me to see about my spider bite。

你看,我在中國(guó)的農(nóng)村長(zhǎng)大,在那個(gè)時(shí)候,我的村莊還是一個(gè)類似前工業(yè)時(shí)代的傳統(tǒng)村落。在我出生的時(shí)候,我的村子里面沒(méi)有汽車(chē),沒(méi)有電話,沒(méi)有電,甚至也沒(méi)有自來(lái)水。我們自然不能輕易的獲得先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療資源。那個(gè)時(shí)候也沒(méi)有一個(gè)合適的醫(yī)生可以來(lái)幫我處理蜘蛛咬傷的傷口。

for those who study biology, you may have grasped the science behind my mom’s cure: heat deactivates proteins, and a spider’s venom is simply a form of protein。 it’s cool how that folk remedy actually incorporates basic biochemistry, isn’t it?

在座的如果有生物背景的人,你們或許已經(jīng)理解到了我媽媽使用的這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的治療手段的基本原理:高熱可以讓蛋白質(zhì)變性,而蜘蛛的毒液也是一種蛋白質(zhì)。這樣一種傳統(tǒng)的土方法實(shí)際上有它一定的理論依據(jù),想來(lái)也是挺有意思的。

but i am a phd student in biochemistry at harvard, i now know that better, less painful and less risky treatments e_isted。 so i can’t help but ask myself, why i didn’t receive one at the time?

但是,作為哈佛大學(xué)生物化學(xué)的博士,我現(xiàn)在知道在我初中那個(gè)時(shí)候,已經(jīng)有更好的,沒(méi)有那么痛苦的,也沒(méi)有那么有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的治療方法了。于是我便忍不住會(huì)問(wèn)自己,為什么我在當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有能夠享用到這些更為先進(jìn)的治療方法呢?

fifteen years have passed since that incident。 i am happy to report that my hand is fine。 but this question lingers, and i continue to be troubled by the unequal distribution of scientific knowledge throughout the world。 we have learned to edit the human genome and unlock many secrets of how cancer progresses。 we can manipulate neuronal activity literally with the switch of a light。 each year brings more advances in biomedical research-e_citing, transformative accomplishments。

蜘蛛咬傷的事故已經(jīng)過(guò)去大概十五年了。我非常高興的向在座的各位報(bào)告一下,我的手還是完好的。但是,我剛剛提到的這個(gè)問(wèn)題這些年來(lái)一直停在我的腦海中,而我也時(shí)不時(shí)會(huì)因?yàn)橄冗M(jìn)科技知識(shí)在世界上不同地區(qū)的不平等分布而困擾?,F(xiàn)如今,我們?nèi)祟愐呀?jīng)學(xué)會(huì)怎么進(jìn)行人類基因編輯了,也研究清楚了很多個(gè)癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展的原因。我們甚至可以利用一束光來(lái)控制我們大腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)元的活動(dòng)。每年生物醫(yī)學(xué)的研究都會(huì)給我們帶來(lái)不一樣突破和進(jìn)步---其中有不少令人振奮,也極具革命顛覆性的成果。

yet, despite the knowledge we have amassed, we haven’t been so successful in deploying it to where it’s needed most。 according to the world bank, twelve percent of the world’s population lives on less than $2 a day。 malnutrition kills more than 3 million children annually。 three hundred million people are afflicted by malaria globally。 all over the world, we constantly see these problems of poverty, illness, and lack of resources impeding the flow of scientific information。 lifesaving knowledge we take for granted in the modern world is often unavailable in these underdeveloped regions。 and in far too many places, people are still essentially trying to cure a spider bite with fire。

然而,盡管我們?nèi)祟愐呀?jīng)在科研上有了無(wú)數(shù)的建樹(shù),在怎樣把這些最前沿的科學(xué)研究帶到世界最需要該技術(shù)的地區(qū)這件事情上,我們有時(shí)做的差強(qiáng)人意。世界銀行的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,世界上大約有12%的人口每天的生活水平仍然低于2美元。營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良每年導(dǎo)致三百萬(wàn)兒童死亡。將近3億人口仍然受到瘧疾的干擾。在世界各地,我們經(jīng)??吹筋愃频挠韶毟F,疾病和自然匱乏導(dǎo)致的科學(xué)知識(shí)傳播的受阻?,F(xiàn)代社會(huì)里習(xí)以為常的那些救生常識(shí)經(jīng)常在這些欠發(fā)達(dá)或不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)未能普及。于是,在世界上仍有很多地區(qū),人們只能依賴于用火療這一簡(jiǎn)單粗暴的方式來(lái)治理蜘蛛咬傷事故。

while studying at harvard, i saw how scientific knowledge can help others in simple, yet profound ways。 the bird flu pandemic in the 2022s looked to my village like a spell cast by demons。 our folk medicine didn’t even have half-measures to offer。 what’s more, farmers didn’t know the difference between common cold and flu; they didn’t understand that the flu was much more lethal than the common cold。 most people were also unaware that the virus could transmit across different species。

在哈佛讀書(shū)期間,我有切身體會(huì)到先進(jìn)的科技知識(shí)能夠既簡(jiǎn)單又深遠(yuǎn)的幫助到社會(huì)上很多的人。本世紀(jì)初的時(shí)候,禽流感在亞洲多個(gè)國(guó)家肆虐。那個(gè)時(shí)候,村莊里的農(nóng)民聽(tīng)到禽流感就像聽(tīng)到惡魔施咒一樣,對(duì)其特別的恐懼。鄉(xiāng)村的土醫(yī)療方法對(duì)這樣一個(gè)疾病也是束手無(wú)策。農(nóng)民對(duì)于普通感冒和流感的區(qū)別并不是很清楚,他們并不懂得流感比普通感冒可能更加致命。而且,大部分人對(duì)于科學(xué)家所發(fā)現(xiàn)的流感病毒能夠跨不同物種傳播這一事實(shí)并不清楚。

so when i realized that simple hygiene practices like separating different animal species could contain the spread of the disease, and that i could help make this knowledge available to my village, that was my first “aha” moment as a budding scientist。 but it was more than that: it was also a vital inflection point in my own ethical development, my own self-understanding as a member of the global community。

于是,在我意識(shí)到這些知識(shí)背景,及簡(jiǎn)單的將受感染的不同物種隔離開(kāi)來(lái)以減緩疾病傳播,并決定將這些知識(shí)傳遞到我的村莊時(shí),我的心里第一次有了一種作為未來(lái)科學(xué)家的使命感。但這種使命感不只停在知識(shí)層面,它也是我個(gè)人道德發(fā)展的重要轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),我自我理解的作為國(guó)際社會(huì)一員的責(zé)任感。

harvard dares us to dream big, to aspire to change the world。 here on this commencement day, we are probably thinking of grand destinations and big adventures that await us。 as for me, i am also thinking of the farmers in my village。 my e_perience here reminds me how important it is for researchers to communicate our knowledge to those who need it。 because by using the science we already have, we could probably bring my village and thousands like it into the world you and i take for granted every day。 and that’s an impact every one of us can make!

哈佛的教育教會(huì)我們學(xué)生敢于擁有自己的夢(mèng)想,勇于立志改變世界。在畢業(yè)典禮這樣一個(gè)特別的日子,我們?cè)谧漠厴I(yè)生都會(huì)暢想我們未來(lái)的偉大征程和冒險(xiǎn)。對(duì)我而言,我在此刻不可避免的還會(huì)想到我的家鄉(xiāng)。我成長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)歷教會(huì)了我作為一個(gè)科學(xué)家,積極的將我們所會(huì)的知識(shí)傳遞給那些急需這些知識(shí)的人是多么的重要。因?yàn)槔媚切┪覀円呀?jīng)擁有的科技知識(shí),我們能夠輕而易舉的幫助我的家鄉(xiāng),還有千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)類似的村莊,讓他們生活的世界變成一個(gè)我們現(xiàn)代社會(huì)看起來(lái)習(xí)以為常的場(chǎng)所,而這樣一件事,是我們每一個(gè)畢業(yè)生都能夠做的,也力所能及能夠做到的。

but the question is, will we make the effort or not?

但問(wèn)題是,我們?cè)敢鈦?lái)做這樣的努力嗎?

more than ever before, our society emphasizes science and innovation。 but an equally important emphasis should be on distributing the knowledge we have to where it’s needed。 changing the world doesn’t mean that everyone has to find the ne_t big thing。 it can be as simple as becoming better communicators, and finding more creative ways to pass on the knowledge we have to people like my mom and the farmers in their local community。 our society also needs to recognize that the equal distribution of knowledge is a pivotal step of human development, and work to bring this into reality。

比以往任何時(shí)候都多,我們的社會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)和創(chuàng)新。但我們社會(huì)同樣需要注意的一個(gè)重心是分配知識(shí)到那些真正需要的地方。改變世界并不意味著每個(gè)人都要做一個(gè)大突破。改變世界可以非常簡(jiǎn)單。它可以簡(jiǎn)單得變成作為世界不同地區(qū)的溝通者,并找出更多創(chuàng)造性的方法將知識(shí)傳遞給像我母親或農(nóng)民這樣的群體。同時(shí),改變世界也意味著我們的社會(huì),作為一個(gè)整體,能夠更清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)到科技知識(shí)的更加均衡的分布,是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),而我們也能夠一起奮斗將此目標(biāo)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。

and if we do that, then perhaps a teenager in rural china who is bitten by a spider will not have to burn his hand, but will know to seek a doctor instead。

如果我們能夠做到這些,或許,將來(lái)有一天,一個(gè)在農(nóng)村被毒蜘蛛咬傷的少年或許不用火療這樣粗暴的方法來(lái)治療傷口,而是去看醫(yī)生得到更為先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療護(hù)理。

第9篇 《哈利波特》作者:羅琳 在哈佛大學(xué)的演講

立波特作家羅琳在哈佛大學(xué)的演講:失敗的額外收益與想象力的重要性

浮士德主席,哈佛公司和監(jiān)察委員會(huì)的各位成員,大學(xué)的員工,自豪的父母,以及所有的畢業(yè)生們:

首先我想說(shuō)的是“謝謝你們”。這不僅因?yàn)楣鸾o了我非比尋常的榮譽(yù),而且為了這幾個(gè)禮拜以來(lái),由于想到這次畢業(yè)典禮演說(shuō)而產(chǎn)生的恐懼與惡心讓我減肥成功。這真是一個(gè)雙贏的局面!現(xiàn)在我需要做的就是一次深呼吸,瞇著眼看著紅色的橫幅,然后欺騙自己,讓自己相信正在參加世界上受到最好教育群體的哈立波特大會(huì)。

做畢業(yè)典禮演說(shuō)是一個(gè)重大的責(zé)任,我的思緒回到了自己的那次畢業(yè)典禮。那天的演講者是一位英國(guó)的杰出哲學(xué)家 baroness marry warnock. 對(duì)她演講的回憶對(duì)我寫(xiě)這篇演講稿幫助巨大,因?yàn)槲野l(fā)現(xiàn)她說(shuō)的話我居然一個(gè)字都沒(méi)有記住。這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)讓我釋然,使我得以繼續(xù)寫(xiě)完演講稿,我不用再擔(dān)心,那種想成為'gay wizard'(harry porter中的魔法大師)的眩暈的愉悅,可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)你們放棄在商業(yè)、法律、政治領(lǐng)域的大好前途。

你們看,如果你們?cè)谌舾赡旰竽苡涀 癵ay wizard”這個(gè)笑話,我就比barkoness mary warnock有進(jìn)步了。所以,設(shè)定一個(gè)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)是個(gè)人進(jìn)步的第一步。

實(shí)際上,我已經(jīng)絞盡腦汁、費(fèi)勁心思去想今天我應(yīng)該講什么好。我問(wèn)自己:我希望在自己畢業(yè)那天已經(jīng)知道的是什么,而又有哪些重要的教訓(xùn)是我從那天開(kāi)始到現(xiàn)在的21年間學(xué)會(huì)的。

我想到了兩個(gè)答案。在今天這個(gè)愉快的日子,我們聚在一起慶祝你們學(xué)習(xí)上的成功時(shí),我決定和你們談?wù)勈〉氖找?。另外,?dāng)你們?nèi)缃裉幱凇艾F(xiàn)實(shí)生活”的入口處時(shí),我想向你們頌揚(yáng)想象力的重要性。

我選擇的這兩個(gè)答案似乎如同堂吉訶德式幻想一樣不切實(shí)際,或者顯得荒謬,但是請(qǐng)容忍我講下去。

對(duì)于我這樣一個(gè)已經(jīng)42歲的人來(lái)說(shuō),回頭看自己21歲畢業(yè)時(shí)的情景,并不是一件舒服的事情。我的前半生之前,我一直在自己內(nèi)心的追求與最親近的人對(duì)我的要求之間進(jìn)行不自在的抗?fàn)帯?/p>

我曾確信我自己唯一想做的事情是寫(xiě)小說(shuō)。但是我的父母都來(lái)自貧窮的家庭,都沒(méi)有上過(guò)大學(xué),他們認(rèn)為我的異?;钴S的想象力只是滑稽的個(gè)人怪癖,并不能用來(lái)付抵押房產(chǎn),或者確保得到退休金。

他們?cè)M胰ツ靡粋€(gè)職業(yè)文憑,而我想讀英國(guó)文學(xué)。最后,我們達(dá)成了一個(gè)回想起來(lái)雙方都不甚滿意的妥協(xié):我改學(xué)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言??墒堑鹊礁改敢蛔唛_(kāi),我立刻報(bào)名學(xué)習(xí)古典文學(xué)了。

我忘了自己是怎么把學(xué)古典文學(xué)的事情告訴父母的了,他們也可能是在我畢業(yè)那天才第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)。在這個(gè)星球上的所有科目中,我想他們很難再發(fā)現(xiàn)一門(mén)比希臘神學(xué)更沒(méi)用的課程了。

我想順帶著說(shuō)明,我并沒(méi)有因?yàn)樗麄兊挠^點(diǎn)而抱怨他們?,F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不是抱怨父母引導(dǎo)自己走錯(cuò)方向的時(shí)候了,如今的你們已經(jīng)足夠大來(lái)決定自己前進(jìn)的路程,責(zé)任要靠自己承擔(dān)。而且,我也不能批評(píng)我的父母,他們是希望我能擺脫貧窮。他們以前遭受了貧窮,我也曾經(jīng)貧窮過(guò),對(duì)于他們認(rèn)為貧窮并不高尚的觀點(diǎn)我也堅(jiān)決同意。貧窮會(huì)引起恐懼、壓力,有時(shí)候甚至是沮喪。這意味著小心眼、卑微和很多艱難困苦。通過(guò)自己的努力擺脫貧窮確實(shí)是件很值得自豪的事情,但只有傻瓜才對(duì)貧窮本身夸夸其談。

我在你們這個(gè)年齡的時(shí)候,最害怕的不是貧窮,而是失敗。

在你們這個(gè)年齡,盡管我明顯缺少在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力,我花了很多時(shí)間在咖啡吧寫(xiě)故事,很少去聽(tīng)課,但是我知道通過(guò)考試的技巧,當(dāng)然,這也是好多年來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)我,以及我同齡人是否成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

我想說(shuō),并不是我太遲鈍,我覺(jué)得你們還不曾知道什么是艱難困苦,或者什么是心碎的感覺(jué),因?yàn)槟銈冞€年輕,而且天資聰明,受到良好教育。但是天賦和智商還未能使任何人免于命運(yùn)無(wú)常的折磨,我從來(lái)不認(rèn)為這里的每個(gè)人已經(jīng)享有平靜的恩典和滿足。

然而,你們能從哈佛畢業(yè)這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)表明,你們對(duì)失敗還不是很熟悉,對(duì)于失敗的恐懼與對(duì)于成功的渴望可能對(duì)你們有相同的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。確實(shí),你們對(duì)于失敗的概念可能與普通人的成功差不了太多。你們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)這方面已經(jīng)站得相當(dāng)高了!

當(dāng)然,最終我們所有人不得不為自己決定什么是失敗的組成元素,但是如果你愿意的話,世界很愿意給你一堆的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?;谌魏我环N傳統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),我可以說(shuō),僅僅在我畢業(yè)7年后,我經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的失敗。我突然間結(jié)束了一段短暫的婚姻,失去了工作。作為一個(gè)單身媽媽,而且在這個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的英國(guó),除了不是無(wú)家可歸,你可以說(shuō)我有多窮就有多窮。我父母對(duì)于我的擔(dān)心,以及我對(duì)自己的擔(dān)心都成了現(xiàn)實(shí),從任何一個(gè)通常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看,這是我知道的最大失敗。

現(xiàn)在,我不會(huì)站在這里和你們說(shuō)失敗很好玩。我生命的那段時(shí)間非常的灰暗,那時(shí)我還不知道我的書(shū)會(huì)被新聞界認(rèn)為是神話故事的革命,我也不知道這段灰暗的日子要持續(xù)多久。那時(shí)候的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里,任何出現(xiàn)的光芒只是希望而不是現(xiàn)實(shí)。

那么我為什么還要談?wù)撌〉氖找婺兀績(jī)H僅是因?yàn)槭∫馕吨头俏业拿撾x,失敗后我找到了自我,不再裝成另外的形象,我開(kāi)始把我所有的精力僅僅放在我關(guān)心的工作上。如果我在其他方面成功過(guò),我可能就不會(huì)具備要求在自己領(lǐng)域內(nèi)獲得成功的決心。我變得自在,因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)經(jīng)歷過(guò)最大的恐懼。而且我還活著,我有一個(gè)值得我自豪的女兒,我有一個(gè)陳舊的打字機(jī)和很不錯(cuò)的寫(xiě)作靈感。我在失敗堆積而成的硬石般的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)始重筑我的人生。

你們可能不會(huì)經(jīng)歷像我那么大的失敗,但生活中面臨失敗是不可避免的。永遠(yuǎn)不失敗是不可能,除非你活得過(guò)于謹(jǐn)慎,這樣倒還不如根本就沒(méi)有在世上生活過(guò),因?yàn)槟銖囊婚_(kāi)始就失敗了。

失敗給了我內(nèi)心的安寧,這種安寧是順利通過(guò)測(cè)驗(yàn)考試獲得不了的。失敗讓我認(rèn)識(shí)自己,這些是沒(méi)法從其他地方學(xué)到的。我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志,而且,自我控制能力比自己猜想的還要強(qiáng),我也發(fā)現(xiàn)自己擁有比紅寶石更真的朋友。

從挫折中獲得的知識(shí)越充滿智慧、越有力,你在以后的生存中則越安全。除非遭受磨難,你們不會(huì)真正認(rèn)識(shí)自己,也沒(méi)法知道你們之間關(guān)系有多鐵。這些知識(shí)才是真正的禮物,他們比我曾經(jīng)獲得的任何資格證書(shū)更為珍貴,因?yàn)檫@些是我經(jīng)歷過(guò)痛苦后才獲得的。

第10篇 布隆伯格在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

感謝凱蒂,感謝福斯特校長(zhǎng)、哈佛大學(xué)理事會(huì)成員、監(jiān)事會(huì)成員,還有迎接我回校的所有教職員工、校友及同學(xué)們。

站在這里,我非常激動(dòng),不僅是因?yàn)槲夷茉诠鸫髮W(xué)第363屆畢業(yè)典禮上面對(duì)各位優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)生及校友講話,更是因?yàn)槟苷驹谌ツ陫W普拉曾站過(guò)的地方。天啊。

下面讓我從最重要的環(huán)節(jié)開(kāi)始:讓我們把最熱烈的掌聲送給2022屆畢業(yè)生們,這是他們應(yīng)得的。

不管怎樣,今年的校園很令人振奮:哈佛橄欖球隊(duì)連續(xù)第七次擊敗耶魯,男子籃球隊(duì)連續(xù)兩年打入全國(guó)大學(xué)體育協(xié)會(huì)冠軍賽的第二輪,還有男子壁球隊(duì)則獲得了全國(guó)冠軍。

誰(shuí)會(huì)想到:哈佛,竟然有如此強(qiáng)大的運(yùn)動(dòng)天團(tuán)!(開(kāi)個(gè)玩笑)不久后,可能就會(huì)有人問(wèn),你們的學(xué)術(shù)水平是否能和體育水平相媲美?

我個(gè)人與哈佛的關(guān)系緣起于1964年,當(dāng)時(shí)我從巴爾地摩的約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)畢業(yè)并到這里的商學(xué)院就讀。

你們或許在想,或者和身旁的人竊竊私語(yǔ):這個(gè)人到底是怎么混入哈佛商學(xué)院的?而且他的學(xué)術(shù)成績(jī)總能排在全班前列?我不知道,比我自己更驚訝的可能只有我的教授了。

總之,今天我又回到了劍橋[注:劍橋?yàn)楣鸫髮W(xué)所在地]。我注意到,這里跟我學(xué)生時(shí)代有了一些變化。廣場(chǎng)附近我曾經(jīng)很喜歡的三文治售賣(mài)點(diǎn)elsie’s,現(xiàn)在成了卷餅店。曾經(jīng)提供美味啤酒和香腸的烏斯特豪斯,現(xiàn)在成了工藝美食酒吧,不知道這是啥。還有原來(lái)的霍利約克中心現(xiàn)在改名為史密斯校園中心。

你們難道不討厭所有東西都用校友名字命名嗎?今早經(jīng)過(guò)河邊的哈佛商學(xué)院彭博中心時(shí),我就在想這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

說(shuō)點(diǎn)高興的,哈佛仍然秉承著50年前我剛?cè)胄r(shí)的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng),依舊是美國(guó)最負(fù)盛名的大學(xué)。和其他頂尖學(xué)府一樣,她處在美國(guó)民主實(shí)驗(yàn)的核心位置。這些頂尖大學(xué)的目的不僅是增長(zhǎng)知識(shí),還包括推進(jìn)我們國(guó)家的理想。頂尖大學(xué)是讓各種背景、各種信仰、探尋各種問(wèn)題的人,能到此自由開(kāi)放地學(xué)習(xí)和探討想法的地方。

今天我想跟大家聊聊,這種自由的存在對(duì)于每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)是多么的重要,無(wú)論我們多么不認(rèn)同別人的觀點(diǎn)。

包容他人觀點(diǎn),以及表達(dá)自身言論的自由,是頂尖大學(xué)不可分割的價(jià)值。兩者結(jié)合在一起,構(gòu)成了支撐民主社會(huì)根基的神圣信賴。

不過(guò)我要告訴大家,這種信賴在君主、暴民、多數(shù)派的專制傾向下是很脆弱的。最近,大家頻繁地看到這些傾向真實(shí)發(fā)生的事例,不管是在大學(xué)校園里還是社會(huì)上。這是個(gè)壞消息,而且很不幸的是,我認(rèn)為哈佛以及我自己所在的城市紐約,也都目睹過(guò)這種傾向。

首先,來(lái)談?wù)劶~約。你們可能記得,幾年前有些人試圖阻止在世貿(mào)中心舊址幾個(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的地方建一座清真寺的計(jì)劃。

這是個(gè)情感的議題,民意調(diào)查顯示超過(guò)2/3的美國(guó)人反對(duì)在該地修建清真寺。即便是反誹謗聯(lián)盟——這個(gè)被公認(rèn)為全國(guó)宗教自由最狂熱的捍衛(wèi)者,也公然反對(duì)該項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。反對(duì)者發(fā)動(dòng)集會(huì)和請(qǐng)?jiān)富顒?dòng)。他們譴責(zé)開(kāi)發(fā)商,要求市政府終止這項(xiàng)工程。那是他們的權(quán)利,我們保障他們抗議的權(quán)利。但他們的觀點(diǎn)絕對(duì)是錯(cuò)誤的,我們拒絕向他們的要求妥協(xié)。求政府單獨(dú)選出一個(gè)特定的宗教、阻止并且只阻止其信徒在特定區(qū)域建立其宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所的想法,這完全悖離偉大民族的道德原則,是憲法保護(hù)所不允許的。

我們這50州聯(lián)邦的建立取決兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合:自由和包容。正是這兩大價(jià)值的結(jié)合,震懾了2022年9月11日和2022年4月15日襲擊我們的恐怖者。

在他們看來(lái),我們是一個(gè)無(wú)神的國(guó)度。

但事實(shí)上,沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)國(guó)家,比美國(guó)更能保護(hù)人類各種信仰和哲學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)的核心——自由意志。不過(guò),這種保護(hù)需要依賴于我們時(shí)刻的警覺(jué)。

我們會(huì)這么認(rèn)為:政教分離的原則已經(jīng)確立。實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有,而且永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)。我們需要堅(jiān)決地?fù)碜o(hù)它,以確保法律條文下規(guī)定的人人平等,對(duì)每個(gè)人都是平等的。

如果你希望你的信仰、言論和選擇配偶的自由,如你所愿,你就必須包容我這樣做或不這樣做的自由。

我做的事可能會(huì)冒犯你,你可能覺(jué)得我的行為不道德或不正義。但你不能用你不會(huì)約束自身的方式來(lái)試圖約束我,否則只會(huì)導(dǎo)致不公平。

我們?cè)谝髾?quán)利和特權(quán)的同時(shí),不能否認(rèn)其他人也同樣擁有。這在城市中如此,對(duì)于大學(xué)亦然。我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)今大學(xué)里對(duì)此原則的壓制,似乎是自1950年代以來(lái)最為嚴(yán)重的。

在我成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中,美國(guó)參議員喬·麥卡錫的紅色的恐怖讓數(shù)以千計(jì)的人失去了生命,他害怕的是什么呢?是一種思想,也就是共產(chǎn)主義,一種被他及其同僚們視為危險(xiǎn)的思想。

不過(guò)還好他搞對(duì)了一件事——思想可以是危險(xiǎn)的。思想能改變社會(huì),思想能顛覆傳統(tǒng),思想能掀起革命。這就是為什么歷史上,那些權(quán)貴企圖抑制思想,避免這些思想威脅到他們的權(quán)力、宗教信仰、意識(shí)形態(tài)及連任機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)蘇格拉底與伽利略如此,對(duì)納爾遜·曼德拉與瓦茨拉夫·哈維爾如此,對(duì)艾未未、造反貓咪樂(lè)隊(duì)以及在伊朗制作《快樂(lè)》視頻的孩子們也是如此。抑制言論自由是人類本性上的弱點(diǎn),每次出現(xiàn)時(shí)我們都需要同它進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)。對(duì)思想的不包容,無(wú)論是自由派的還是保守派的思想,都是與個(gè)人權(quán)利和自由社會(huì)背道而馳的,同樣與頂尖大學(xué)和一流學(xué)術(shù)相背離。

大學(xué)校園處處充斥著一種觀念,我想哈佛也不例外,即學(xué)者只有在研究符合特定正義觀念的前提下才應(yīng)獲得資助。這種觀念就是現(xiàn)代版的“麥卡錫主義”。想想這有多么的諷刺,1950年代,右翼份子企圖打壓左翼思想。而如今,在許多大學(xué)校園,則是自由派正企圖打壓保守派思想,保守派教員正面臨著成為瀕危物種的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這種現(xiàn)象在常春藤盟校尤為突出,

2022年總統(tǒng)大選時(shí),根據(jù)聯(lián)邦選舉委員會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù),96%常春藤盟校教職員工的政治獻(xiàn)金都捐給了巴拉克·歐巴馬,

96%啊。與常春藤盟校的捐獻(xiàn)者相比,前蘇聯(lián)政治局中的意見(jiàn)分歧高多了。這一統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字發(fā)人深思,雖然我也支持總統(tǒng)的再次當(dāng)選,但我認(rèn)為任何派別都不能獨(dú)占真理或讓上帝總站在他一邊。

96%常春藤盟校捐獻(xiàn)者偏向于某一特定政治立場(chǎng)的候選人,你不得不懷疑,這些大學(xué)中的學(xué)生是否接觸到了頂尖大學(xué)應(yīng)當(dāng)給予的多元化觀點(diǎn)。性別、種族及定位的多元化很重要,但一所大學(xué)還應(yīng)當(dāng)有政治的多元化,否則稱不上頂尖。實(shí)際上,為教授提供終身教職就是為了保證他們能夠自由地進(jìn)行研究,而不怕研究主題和學(xué)校政治及社會(huì)規(guī)范不一致。

終身教職創(chuàng)立初期,主要是為了保護(hù)與保守派準(zhǔn)則相沖突的自由派思想。而現(xiàn)在,終身教職如果要繼續(xù)存在,就必須保護(hù)與自由派準(zhǔn)則相沖突的保守派思想,否則,大學(xué)研究和進(jìn)行研究的教授將失去信譽(yù)。頂尖的大學(xué)絕不能偏向于特定(政治立場(chǎng))的黨派,而自由的人文教育不應(yīng)當(dāng)成為自由主義的人文教育。大學(xué)的角色不應(yīng)當(dāng)是推動(dòng)某種意識(shí)形態(tài),而應(yīng)當(dāng)是為學(xué)者與學(xué)生提供問(wèn)題研究和辯論的中立論壇,不讓天平朝任何一個(gè)方向傾斜,不抑制不得人心的的觀點(diǎn)。

規(guī)定學(xué)者以及畢業(yè)典禮演講者,遵循某些特定的政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn),會(huì)破壞整個(gè)大學(xué)的宗旨。今年春季,令人不安地看到,一些大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮演講者被取銷了,甚至連邀請(qǐng)函都被撤回了,僅僅因?yàn)閷W(xué)生以及資深教員和管理人員的反對(duì),令我相當(dāng)震驚。學(xué)生姑且不論,其他人顯然應(yīng)當(dāng)明白事理一些。

這在布蘭迪斯、哈沃福特、 羅格斯與史密斯等學(xué)校都曾發(fā)生過(guò)。我很遺憾地說(shuō),去年還發(fā)生在斯沃斯摩爾與約翰斯霍普金斯。

在這些例子中,自由派通過(guò)拒絕授予政治上與其相左的人榮譽(yù)學(xué)位,以此封殺不喜歡的聲音。這是一種暴行,我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)讓它繼續(xù)發(fā)生。

如果一所大學(xué),在邀請(qǐng)一位畢業(yè)典禮演講嘉賓時(shí),還要對(duì)其政治立場(chǎng)是否符合,進(jìn)行一再地審查,自由的死敵就贏了。 可悲的是,并不只有畢業(yè)季的演講嘉賓會(huì)被審查。

去年秋天,我還在市政府的時(shí)候,我們的警察局長(zhǎng)應(yīng)邀到另一所長(zhǎng)春藤盟校進(jìn)行演講,但他未能如愿,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生把他轟下臺(tái)。

難道大學(xué)的宗旨不是鼓勵(lì)討論,而是封殺不同的聲音嗎?學(xué)生到底害怕聽(tīng)到什么?為什么當(dāng)局不介入,制止這群暴民破壞演講?難道沒(méi)人考慮過(guò),剝奪其他學(xué)生聽(tīng)演講的機(jī)會(huì),在道德上和學(xué)理上都是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)的?

我相信,今天的畢業(yè)生都讀過(guò)約翰·穆勒的《論自由》。請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我朗讀其中的一小段:“限制別人不能表達(dá)意見(jiàn)的罪惡,是對(duì)人類的掠奪,是對(duì)子孫后代及當(dāng)代人類的掠奪,是對(duì)那些持不同意見(jiàn)的人掠奪更多?!?/p>

他繼續(xù)寫(xiě)道:“假如那意見(jiàn)是對(duì)的,那么他們是被剝奪了以錯(cuò)誤換真理的機(jī)會(huì);假如那意見(jiàn)是錯(cuò)的,那么他們失去了一個(gè)幾乎同樣巨大的好處,那就是從真理與錯(cuò)誤碰撞中產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的對(duì)真理的更加清晰的認(rèn)知和更加強(qiáng)烈的影響。”

穆勒如果得知大學(xué)生壓制別人發(fā)表意見(jiàn)肯定會(huì)毛骨悚然,他如果得知連教職員工都通常是畢業(yè)演講者審查活動(dòng)的一部分,肯定會(huì)更毛骨悚然。

如果享有終身職位的教授,壓制那些持有他不贊同觀點(diǎn)的人發(fā)聲,那是高度的偽善,尤其是當(dāng)那些抗議發(fā)生在自稱自由寬容堡壘的新英格蘭。我很高興的是,哈佛沒(méi)有屈服于這些畢業(yè)典禮審查的挑戰(zhàn)中,否則的話,科羅拉多州參議員邁克爾·約翰斯頓昨天就沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)在教育學(xué)院發(fā)表演講了。

有些學(xué)生要求校方撤回對(duì)約翰斯頓的邀請(qǐng),因?yàn)樗麄兎磳?duì)他的一些教育政策。所幸他們未能得逞,福斯特校長(zhǎng)和院長(zhǎng)立場(chǎng)都非常堅(jiān)定。

正如萊恩院長(zhǎng)寫(xiě)給這些學(xué)生的信所說(shuō):“我遇到過(guò)很多真誠(chéng)的人,他們和我都有相同的目標(biāo),不過(guò)在如何改善教育的問(wèn)題上,我們的觀點(diǎn)存在分歧。在我看來(lái),這些分歧應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過(guò)探究、辯論,挑戰(zhàn)和質(zhì)疑。同時(shí)這些分歧也應(yīng)獲得尊重,確實(shí)應(yīng)該被稱頌?!彼峭耆_的,他為2022屆畢業(yè)生上了寶貴的最后一課。

作為約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)前任主席,我堅(jiān)信一所大學(xué)的職責(zé)并非是教學(xué)生思考什么,而是教學(xué)生如何思考,這就需要傾聽(tīng)不同聲音,不帶偏見(jiàn)地衡量各種觀點(diǎn),冷靜思考不同意見(jiàn)中是否也有公正的論點(diǎn),

如果教員做不到這一點(diǎn),行政官員和主管部門(mén)就有責(zé)任介入,并優(yōu)先解決這一問(wèn)題,否則的話,學(xué)生就帶著封閉的耳朵與思維畢業(yè),大學(xué)也就辜負(fù)了學(xué)生和社會(huì)的期望。如果想知道這會(huì)導(dǎo)致什么后果,看今日的華府就知道。我國(guó)面臨的各類重大問(wèn)題都在華府被裁定——包括我們的安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境及健康,然而兩黨在處理所有問(wèn)題時(shí)都沒(méi)有考慮協(xié)作,而是看誰(shuí)聲音更大,以此壓制對(duì)方,試圖抑制和破壞與其意識(shí)形態(tài)相抵觸的調(diào)研報(bào)告。我們的大學(xué)對(duì)這種模式仿效得越多,我們的社會(huì)就會(huì)變得越糟糕。

我來(lái)舉一些例子,數(shù)十年來(lái),國(guó)會(huì)都禁止疾病控制中心進(jìn)行槍暴力的研究,最近國(guó)會(huì)又對(duì)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院頒發(fā)禁令。你得問(wèn)問(wèn)自己,他們到底在害怕什么?今年,參議院延遲對(duì)總統(tǒng)提名的衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)——哈佛內(nèi)科醫(yī)師席菲克·莫西博士進(jìn)行表決。原因是,他大膽地說(shuō),槍暴力是一大應(yīng)當(dāng)處理的公共衛(wèi)生危機(jī)。他膽子太大了。

來(lái)點(diǎn)嚴(yán)肅的:每天都有86位美國(guó)人死于槍殺,槍擊事件也經(jīng)常發(fā)生在校園中,包括上周發(fā)生在加州大學(xué)圣巴巴拉分校的悲劇,除了說(shuō)這是醫(yī)療失當(dāng),不知道該說(shuō)什么了。

在政治上,就如在很多的大學(xué)校園中一樣,人們不愿意聽(tīng)到與自己意識(shí)形態(tài)相抵觸的事實(shí),他們害怕這類事實(shí)。而且沒(méi)有什么比科學(xué)證據(jù)更讓他們恐懼的了。

年初的時(shí)候,南卡羅來(lái)納州對(duì)其公立大學(xué)采用了新的科學(xué)教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn),州議會(huì)盡然禁止在教學(xué)中提及自然選擇,這就像教經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)卻不講供需。

你得重復(fù)那個(gè)問(wèn)題,他們?cè)诤ε率裁? 答案顯而易見(jiàn),和國(guó)會(huì)議員害怕數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)破壞他們意識(shí)形態(tài)一樣,這些州議會(huì)議員害怕科學(xué)證據(jù)破壞他們的宗教信念。

若你想要證據(jù),可以考慮這條:南卡羅來(lái)納州一位8歲的女孩給州議員們寫(xiě)了一封信,請(qǐng)他們將猛犸象定位官方州化石,州議員認(rèn)為這個(gè)主意很好,因?yàn)槊歪锵蠡缭?725年就在該州發(fā)現(xiàn)。然后參議院通過(guò)的法案中卻將猛犸象定義為“第六天與其他陸生動(dòng)物一同被(上帝)創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的”。這事你不能胡編亂造。

在21世紀(jì)的美國(guó),教會(huì)和國(guó)家之間的壁壘仍在遭受攻擊,這就需要靠我們來(lái)將兩者分開(kāi)。

很不幸的是,在遇到槍與進(jìn)化論時(shí)將意識(shí)形態(tài)與宗教觀念置于數(shù)據(jù)與科學(xué)證據(jù)之上的當(dāng)選官員,大多都是不愿意接受氣候變化科學(xué)證據(jù)的那些人。別誤解我的意思,科學(xué)懷疑主義是合理的,但是尋求更多證據(jù)的科學(xué)懷疑主義和意識(shí)形態(tài)上拒絕科學(xué)證據(jù)的頑固不化,有著巨大的差別。

當(dāng)選官員對(duì)科學(xué)都是這種態(tài)度,聯(lián)邦政府沒(méi)能盡到自己的職責(zé),在大學(xué)投資科學(xué)研究也就不足為奇了。

如今,聯(lián)邦政府用于研發(fā)的支出,在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值中的百分比是五十余年來(lái)最低的,這讓世界其他國(guó)家有機(jī)會(huì)趕上,甚至超過(guò)美國(guó)的科學(xué)研究。

聯(lián)邦政府在科學(xué)上是不及格的,跟很多州政府一樣。

我們國(guó)家不應(yīng)該背離科學(xué),內(nèi)部也不應(yīng)該互相仇視。而各位畢業(yè)生你們有責(zé)任引領(lǐng)國(guó)家步入正軌,在每個(gè)問(wèn)題上,我們都應(yīng)該遵循有理有據(jù)的原則,傾聽(tīng)他人的不同意見(jiàn),只要我們這樣做,就沒(méi)有不能解決的問(wèn)題,沒(méi)有打不破的僵局,沒(méi)有達(dá)不成的妥協(xié)。

當(dāng)我們能擁抱思想自由交流,接受政治的多元化,我們的社會(huì)就會(huì)更加健全,更加強(qiáng)盛。

我知道,我的演講有別有于傳統(tǒng)的畢業(yè)典禮演講。事實(shí)上,這甚至可能讓我無(wú)法通過(guò)人文系的論文答辯。但是,沒(méi)有一個(gè)輕松的時(shí)刻,是說(shuō)重話的好時(shí)機(jī)。

畢業(yè)生們,在你們一生中,不要害怕說(shuō)出自己認(rèn)為正確的事,不管這事有多么不受歡迎,特別是在捍衛(wèi)他人權(quán)利的時(shí)候。

站出來(lái)捍衛(wèi)他人的權(quán)利,有時(shí)比捍衛(wèi)自身權(quán)利更為重要,因?yàn)楫?dāng)人們?cè)噲D限制他人自由的時(shí)候,你可能會(huì)保持沉默,這樣你將會(huì)助長(zhǎng)這種限制,哪天你可能也會(huì)成為受害者。

不要沆瀣一氣,不要人云亦云,大膽說(shuō)出來(lái),反擊。

我敢肯定這樣做,你會(huì)受到批評(píng)。我敢肯定這樣做,你還會(huì)失去一些朋友,樹(shù)立一些敵人。我敢肯定你還會(huì)這樣做。歷史的弧線會(huì)偏向你這一邊,而我們的國(guó)家也會(huì)因此更加強(qiáng)盛?,F(xiàn)在,各位畢業(yè)生經(jīng)過(guò)努力贏得了今天的慶典,你們可以很自豪、很激動(dòng)。明天,你們需要行動(dòng)起來(lái),讓我們的國(guó)家和世界對(duì)每個(gè)人都更自由,并永遠(yuǎn)自由下去。上帝保佑你們好運(yùn)!

第11篇 哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮校長(zhǎng)演講稿

冬去春來(lái),轉(zhuǎn)眼間就到了一年一度的畢業(yè)典禮。六月初的天氣清冷的反常,人們不得不穿薄毛衣或夾克。今年波士頓的天氣變化無(wú)常,4月份有一兩天氣溫高達(dá)32攝氏度以上,人們熱得要開(kāi)空調(diào)。隨后的一個(gè)多月又冷得至少要穿兩件衣服,但天氣并不妨礙一系列的慶祝活動(dòng)。

校園里照例彩旗飄飄,成群結(jié)隊(duì),歡聲笑語(yǔ),贈(zèng)送鮮花,合影留念。主要慶?;顒?dòng)集中在6月2日校長(zhǎng)對(duì)畢業(yè)生的告別講演(baccalaureate address),3日大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)生自己組織的告別活動(dòng)(class day),和4日哈佛畢業(yè)生聯(lián)誼會(huì)(harvard alumni association) 組織的畢業(yè)典禮(commencement)。

這是哈佛大學(xué)第358屆畢業(yè)典禮。第一屆畢業(yè)典禮是在1642年,由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或瘟疫等原因,有9年的畢業(yè)典禮被跳過(guò)去了。6月份第一周舉行畢業(yè)典禮,今年會(huì)是最后一次。從下學(xué)年開(kāi)始,開(kāi)學(xué)時(shí)間從9月中旬提前到9月初,畢業(yè)典禮也會(huì)隨之提前到5月下旬。

校長(zhǎng)告別講演

學(xué)生幾年來(lái)日夜奮戰(zhàn),大好時(shí)光用在學(xué)習(xí)與消化老師講的苦澀難懂的技術(shù)性問(wèn)題上,到底會(huì)對(duì)今后的事業(yè)和生活有什么幫助呢光陰似箭,無(wú)論他們心理準(zhǔn)備好了沒(méi)有,他們必須走出校門(mén),面對(duì)變幻莫測(cè)的大千世界。在成百上千的畢業(yè)生即將離開(kāi)校園,忐忑不安地走向社會(huì)的時(shí)候,校長(zhǎng)能給他們什么帶有人生哲理的啟示呢?

6月2日下午的校長(zhǎng)告別講演照例在校園中心的紀(jì)念教堂(memorial church)舉行。雖然是大庭廣眾之下的書(shū)面發(fā)言,但并不完全是冠冕堂皇的做秀,其中不乏肺腑之言。

校長(zhǎng)福斯特(drew gilpin faust)首先回憶了這批畢業(yè)生在過(guò)去四年的經(jīng)歷。

她說(shuō),你們進(jìn)入校園時(shí)正好是卡特里亞娜(katrina)臺(tái)風(fēng)肆虐的時(shí)候,你們離開(kāi)校園時(shí)正好是經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)暴席卷全球,改變這個(gè)國(guó)家和世界的時(shí)候。你們也目睹了哈佛的變化。你們?cè)谒哪曛薪?jīng)歷了三位校長(zhǎng)(薩默斯,代校長(zhǎng)巴克( derek bok),和福斯特本人),你們經(jīng)歷了舊的教學(xué)大綱(core curriculum)的退出和新的教學(xué)大綱的引入(general education),和一些校舍的變化。福斯特然后列舉了一些優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生取得的成績(jī)(沒(méi)有點(diǎn)名道姓)。

她說(shuō),很多過(guò)去四年的變化是四年前沒(méi)有想到的:奧_馬入主白宮,經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)席卷全球,流感蔓延等等,這些都使未來(lái)更加難以預(yù)測(cè)?!拔乙湍銈冎v的不是如何追求優(yōu)秀,在這方面你們已經(jīng)知道怎么做了,而是要講如何利用未來(lái)的不確定性(uncertainty)?!?/p>

去年這個(gè)時(shí)候,有很多哈佛畢業(yè)生選擇了去華爾街工作。其中一個(gè)學(xué)生說(shuō),他這樣選擇的原因是不想進(jìn)入“真實(shí)世界”(real world),而進(jìn)入金融行業(yè)是最穩(wěn)妥,最保守的選擇。金融風(fēng)暴對(duì)你們來(lái)說(shuō)也是一件好事,因?yàn)槟銈儧](méi)有最保守的選擇了。你們當(dāng)中的一個(gè)學(xué)生說(shuō),因?yàn)榻鹑诠窘衲旰苌僬腥?,他?zhǔn)備去教書(shū),而教書(shū)才是他真正想做的,今年的就業(yè)形勢(shì)讓他沒(méi)有理由不做自己熱愛(ài)的事。當(dāng)然,有一少部分畢業(yè)生仍然會(huì)去金融公司工作。這也是好事,因?yàn)槟銈冞€年輕,有彈性和韌性承受金融界的動(dòng)蕩。與其在你們45歲時(shí)經(jīng)歷中年危機(jī)- 自問(wèn):我到底在做什么?我為什么做這些?- 還不如在20多歲的時(shí)候就反思這些問(wèn)題。有一位作家描述和她先生去巴黎旅游的原因:不是有人要求我們?nèi)?,也不是我們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該去,而是我們從心底里想去,這樣我們的旅途就有了一個(gè)好的起點(diǎn)。福斯特說(shuō),這就是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的動(dòng)力,這就是生活。

她說(shuō),博雅教育(liberal arts education)的目的不是要訓(xùn)練你們成為某一方面的專家,有一份特定的工作,而是要讓你們?cè)诓淮_定的充滿變化的情形下有應(yīng)變能力,能夠即興表演(improvise)?!凹磁d生活(improvised life)是激情與平靜,構(gòu)架與自由,理性與感覺(jué)魔術(shù)般的結(jié)合。我們不喜歡不確定性(uncertainty),更喜歡安定,但正是不確定性給我們的個(gè)人生活和事業(yè)帶來(lái)機(jī)遇”。

最能概括福斯特講演內(nèi)容宗旨的話應(yīng)該是她引用一位著名爵士音樂(lè)家的話,“透徹的掌握你的樂(lè)器,你的樂(lè)譜,然后全部把它們拋在腦后,盡情地彈琴?!爆F(xiàn)在的世界需要那些優(yōu)秀的即興表演家。

重新思考我們的生活,重新投入進(jìn)去不是每一代人都有的機(jī)會(huì)。福斯特回憶自己1968年的大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮。當(dāng)時(shí)我們意氣風(fēng)發(fā),雄心勃勃,覺(jué)得巨大的社會(huì)變革迫在眉睫,我們要結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),消滅貧困和種族歧視。漸漸地這種無(wú)所不能的樂(lè)觀和激情消逝了,我們逐漸地變成了“大人,成年人”,我們回到了自己的小天地,為自己個(gè)人的好生活而努力,那種追求更高目標(biāo)的境界和對(duì)更美好的世界的憧憬?jīng)]有了。

但是現(xiàn)在又回來(lái)了。我們目前面對(duì)很多挑戰(zhàn)--金融動(dòng)蕩,傳染病蔓延,對(duì)內(nèi)政策,對(duì)外政策都是困難重重。這些挑戰(zhàn)和奧_馬入主白宮不僅僅使新的思想,新的投入成為可能,而且是必須。

奧_馬總統(tǒng)把我們生活的這個(gè)時(shí)代定義為重新振作和重新創(chuàng)造的時(shí)節(jié)(a season of renewal and reinvention)。重新振作,重新創(chuàng)造需要新的思想,新的思維。我們一直堅(jiān)持最好的教育是那種培養(yǎng)分析能力的,形成思考習(xí)慣的,能夠把信息(information)變成理解(understanding)的教育。這就是教育為什么這么重要,受過(guò)教育的你們這些人為什么這么重要。

學(xué)生聚會(huì)

class day的活動(dòng)是在校園中間的露天草場(chǎng)tercentenary theatre,沒(méi)有畢業(yè)典禮那么正式,形式上比較輕松。畢業(yè)生代表的講話有對(duì)四年大學(xué)生活的認(rèn)真反思,也有自嘲自諷的幽默。他們對(duì)最近四年的課業(yè)過(guò)重(over worked),睡眠不足(under slept)直言不諱,他們的腦海里只是被“成就”(achievement)這個(gè)詞充斥著?!盀榱酥亟ü鹦蜗?,有必要提醒整個(gè)世界哈佛的畢業(yè)生是多么的了不起,他們處處趾高氣揚(yáng),只往上看,不往下看,永遠(yuǎn)覺(jué)得高人一籌?!?/p>

“在今后的幾天里,所有的人都會(huì)告訴我們,‘艱難困苦與沮喪失敗都是真實(shí)生活的一部分,你們要有思想準(zhǔn)備去面對(duì)。’別聽(tīng)他們的,他們肯定不是像我們一樣,從哈佛畢業(yè)的?!?/p>

class day學(xué)生按照慣例會(huì)請(qǐng)一位主旨講演人。去年的主講人是前總統(tǒng)克林頓。今年是nbc新聞“今日”節(jié)目的聯(lián)合主持人,杰出新聞工作者matt lauer。他曾經(jīng)報(bào)導(dǎo)過(guò)伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),北京奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì),采訪過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)政經(jīng)要人。

他說(shuō),“哈佛大學(xué)的文憑并不意味著你有任何特權(quán)(entitlement)… 并不意味著你一定比其他人優(yōu)秀 … 你受的教育是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的工具(tools),但這只是你工具箱中的一個(gè),我要你們用所有的工具- -你們的慈悲為懷(compassion),你們的與人為善(kindness),你們的大度寬厚(generosity),你們的公平正直(sense of fair play),你們的詼諧幽默(a sense of humor)--去建立人與人之間的橋梁,而不是樹(shù)立障礙與隔閡?!?/p>

他20分鐘的講演也不乏幽默。他說(shuō),“要有孩子,而且要有好多孩子,因?yàn)楫?dāng)你不能找到生活中的樂(lè)趣和幽默的時(shí)候,你的孩子會(huì)幫你找到?!?“每個(gè)人至少要有一個(gè)永遠(yuǎn)和你說(shuō)真話的朋友 … 記住生活中唯一不變的是你的品格(character)?!敝扉ξ牡慕ㄗh

今年的主旨講演者是美國(guó)能源部部長(zhǎng)朱棣文(steven chu )。他和另外兩位物理學(xué)家因發(fā)現(xiàn)了在極低的溫度下如何用激光把原子固定在它們自己的軌道上而獲得1997年諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。在今年1月份成為能源部部長(zhǎng)之前,他是加州大學(xué)伯克利分校國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任,負(fù)責(zé)再生能源,新能源的研究工作。

他的講演包括三部分:一些簡(jiǎn)短而幽默的點(diǎn)評(píng),對(duì)畢業(yè)生不請(qǐng)自來(lái)的建議(unsolicited advice),和與他自己主要工作有關(guān)的倡議。他首先感謝校長(zhǎng)和哈佛畢業(yè)生聯(lián)誼會(huì)邀請(qǐng)他講演,隨后幽默地說(shuō)他不敢肯定他符合畢業(yè)典禮演講嘉賓的“高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”?!叭ツ甑闹髦贾v演者是億萬(wàn)富翁《哈里波特》的作者羅琳(j.k. rowling),前年的主旨講演者是更大的富翁和慈善家,計(jì)算機(jī)‘呆子’(nerd),比爾.蓋茨,而今年站在你們面前的完全不是一個(gè)富翁,但至少我可以說(shuō)我是一個(gè)呆子?!?/p>

他也會(huì)恭維一下哈佛,說(shuō)他的哥哥和弟弟都是哈佛畢業(yè)的,只有他不是,今年他成為哈佛大學(xué)十位榮譽(yù)文憑的獲得者之一,或許他媽媽這次會(huì)高興了。以前當(dāng)他告訴他媽媽他拿到了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí),他媽媽說(shuō),“那不錯(cuò)?!?然后緊接著問(wèn),“你下一次什么時(shí)候來(lái)看我?”

他說(shuō),他決定在講演中引用其他人說(shuō)過(guò)的話有兩個(gè)原因。一是重要的話需要重復(fù)一次以上才能起作用。二是那些借用別人語(yǔ)言的作家其實(shí)是在重復(fù)最優(yōu)秀的人的足跡。美國(guó)著名作家,哲學(xué)家,詩(shī)人愛(ài)默生(ralph waldo emerson)(1803-1882)說(shuō),“那些古人把我最好的思想都偷走了?!?畢加索說(shuō),“好的藝術(shù)家借用;偉大的藝術(shù)家(干脆就)偷?!?good artists borrow. great artists steal.)為什么畢業(yè)典禮的演講嘉賓就不能如此呢?

他自知在畢業(yè)典禮上對(duì)學(xué)生的建議很少被珍惜,大多被遺忘,肯定不被遵循,但仍然愿意提出以下幾條。第一,感謝所有幫助你取得成就的人,包括那些教課不怎么好的教授,因?yàn)樗麄兤仁鼓阕詫W(xué),而自學(xué)是在人生道路上取得成功的重要途徑。

第二,在今后的生活中,培養(yǎng)大方大度的胸懷。在所有的談判中,不要計(jì)較最后的很少的得失,大方地把一些零頭放在桌子上留給對(duì)方。在與人合作中,記住要肯定別人的成績(jī)(credit),成績(jī)不是稀缺資源,別人有了你就沒(méi)有了。特別是在成功的合作中,要給別人90%的成績(jī)。

第三,在生活開(kāi)始一個(gè)新篇章的時(shí)候,建議你們選擇自己熱愛(ài)的事業(yè)和職業(yè)。如果你還沒(méi)有找到自己的熱情,不要滿足,一定要堅(jiān)持找到為止。生命本身就短暫,沒(méi)有自己真正熱愛(ài)的事業(yè),生命更是轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝?!爱?dāng)我像你們這么大的時(shí)候,我一門(mén)心思地想成為物理學(xué)家。大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,我在加州大學(xué)伯克利分校做研究生、博士、博士后共八年,然后又在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室(bell labs)工作了九年。這些年來(lái),我的主要目標(biāo)和快樂(lè)就是物理學(xué)?!?/p>

他的最后一個(gè)建議是:追求個(gè)人理想,自己熱愛(ài)的事業(yè)不應(yīng)該是生活的唯一目標(biāo)。當(dāng)你頭發(fā)花白,步入老年時(shí),你希望在回首往年的時(shí)候感到驕傲。這種驕傲不會(huì)來(lái)自你一生中積累的物質(zhì)財(cái)富,也不會(huì)來(lái)自你一生中積累的榮譽(yù)稱號(hào),而會(huì)來(lái)自那些曾經(jīng)受你影響的人(the lives you have touched),他們的生活因?yàn)槟愣用篮?(the difference you have made)。

“在貝爾實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作九年以后,我決定離開(kāi)舒適的,方方面面都完美無(wú)缺的‘象牙塔’,嘗試在我看來(lái)更現(xiàn)實(shí)的生活 ―― 去(斯坦福)大學(xué)教書(shū)。我希望我所留下的不僅僅是篇科學(xué)論文,我想通過(guò)教書(shū)孕育科學(xué)的后一代?!?他說(shuō),“在大學(xué)工作最好的部分就是學(xué)生,因?yàn)樗麄兦逍?,熱情,沒(méi)有成見(jiàn)。他們自己并不意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn),他們是我們這個(gè)社會(huì)最好的精華的接受者,傳承者,發(fā)展者。就是在大學(xué)階段,他們的思想是完全自由的,也是最有創(chuàng)造力的。他們進(jìn)入大學(xué),以為教科書(shū),教授就是權(quán)威。漸漸地他們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),教科書(shū),教授也不是無(wú)所不知,無(wú)所不曉,于是他們開(kāi)始自己思維。當(dāng)他們有獨(dú)立的思想的時(shí)候,我開(kāi)始從他們那里學(xué)習(xí)?!薄拔议_(kāi)始教書(shū),帶學(xué)生是因?yàn)槲蚁牖貓?bào)這個(gè)社會(huì),給予別人,但結(jié)果是我從中得到的比我給予的更多?!?/p>

然后朱棣文進(jìn)入講話的第三部分:氣候變化。氣候變化并不是一個(gè)新問(wèn)題。在過(guò)去的60萬(wàn)年中,地球經(jīng)歷了六個(gè)冰川時(shí)代?,F(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是各種數(shù)據(jù)都表明氣候在迅速變暖――北極圈的冰雪在減少,海面在上升。有史以來(lái),科學(xué)第一次被用于預(yù)測(cè)我們現(xiàn)在的所作所為對(duì)50年以后,12022年以后的世界的影響。這個(gè)影響來(lái)自于工業(yè)革命以來(lái)二氧化碳的排放。

如果現(xiàn)在不及時(shí)采取措施,減少二氧化碳排放量,全球氣溫就有50%的可能性在本世紀(jì)末上升5攝氏度。在上一個(gè)冰川時(shí)代(ice age),全球氣溫只低了6攝氏度,加拿大的絕大部分和美國(guó)北部都終年被冰雪覆蓋。所以氣溫上升5度對(duì)全球的影響不可低估,北極冰雪覆蓋的有機(jī)物有可能融化,迅速釋放甲醇(methane)和二氧化碳,動(dòng)物,植物以及人類都難以適應(yīng)。

作為國(guó)際社會(huì),我們?cè)敢庠谶@個(gè)至少一百年以后才能見(jiàn)到效果的氣候變化投入多少呢?上一代人努力工作是為了下一代人生活得更好。我們能不能為我們后代的福利和幸福而承擔(dān)起責(zé)任呢?

五年以前朱棣文同意成為伯克利國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任的其中一個(gè)原因就是要廣招科技人才,迎接氣候變暖的挑戰(zhàn)。他們已經(jīng)建立了幾個(gè)不同的能源研究所。他對(duì)氣候變化和能源的挑戰(zhàn)有充分的理解,但仍然表達(dá)了“危中有機(jī)”的樂(lè)觀和信心,鼓勵(lì)年輕人把握機(jī)遇,把握現(xiàn)在,通過(guò)發(fā)明創(chuàng)造新科技,設(shè)計(jì)更好的政策,和建立管理更有環(huán)保意識(shí)的工廠企業(yè),為可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)。

有些緩解氣候變暖的辦法是顯而易見(jiàn)的。例如,提高能源效率,節(jié)省能源的效果就非??捎^?,F(xiàn)有的技術(shù)可以使房屋使用能源效率提高80%,2022年就會(huì)返回所需投資(pay back period)。房屋冬天的供暖,夏天的空調(diào)和其他用電占美國(guó)所有能源消費(fèi)的40%。所以提高能源效率,節(jié)省能源的好處是巨大的,是“不撿白不撿的大便宜”。

但是更多關(guān)于氣候變暖的問(wèn)題是未知的。他說(shuō),“奧_馬政府在為繁榮的,可持續(xù)發(fā)展的未來(lái)打基礎(chǔ)。我們并沒(méi)有所有的答案,這就是我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰銈兗尤胛覀?,與我們并肩奮戰(zhàn)?!?/p>

他為參加奧_馬政府而感到榮耀。奧_馬政府鼓勵(lì)科技創(chuàng)新以解決能源危機(jī)。 “美國(guó)有機(jī)會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一次新的工業(yè)革命。我們要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造更有效的辦法利用太陽(yáng)能,風(fēng)能,核能,處理發(fā)電廠排出的二氧化碳。更先進(jìn)的生物能源(biofuels)和使汽車(chē)用電驅(qū)動(dòng)(electrification of personal vehicles)也會(huì)幫助我們不那么依賴石油進(jìn)口?!?/p>

發(fā)展中國(guó)家在努力追求達(dá)到發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的物質(zhì)生活水準(zhǔn)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,我們必須對(duì)氣候變暖采取措施。朱棣文承認(rèn)美國(guó)的人口只占世界的3%,而消耗的能源卻占世界的25%,與此同時(shí),世界上有16億人沒(méi)有基本用電,有幾億人靠燃燒樹(shù)枝做飯。他說(shuō),一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)就是:那些最容易受傷害而且受傷害最大的人群 - 那些窮人,孩子和未出生的孩子 -是最無(wú)辜的,也是最沒(méi)有能力保護(hù)自己的群體。

朱棣文呼吁最基本的人性,他引用兩位人文領(lǐng)袖的話終結(jié)講演。馬丁路德金(martin luther king)在1967年反對(duì)越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)提倡超越種族,階層,國(guó)籍的無(wú)條件的博愛(ài)(all-embracing and unconditional love for all mankind)和直接面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的緊迫感,“明天就是今天。在人們的生活和歷史上,有‘太晚了’這么一說(shuō)?!?/p>

1950年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者威廉??思{(william faulkner)(1897-1962)在12月10日獲獎(jiǎng)晚宴中講人文主義者在充滿挑戰(zhàn)的世界中的作用:“我相信人不但會(huì)承受,而且還會(huì)戰(zhàn)勝。人是有精神的,精神是永恒的。人有慈悲之心,人能夠與人為善,自我犧牲,忍辱負(fù)重。詩(shī)人和作家的任務(wù)就是要寫(xiě)出這些精神,他們的使命就是要充實(shí)人們的心靈,時(shí)刻提醒他們勇氣,光榮,希望,驕傲,慈悲和自我犧牲精神都是人們光榮歷史的一部分?!?/p>

chu最后總結(jié)說(shuō),“你們?cè)谧非髠€(gè)人理想的同時(shí),也要培養(yǎng)幫助別人的熱情。沒(méi)有什么會(huì)給你更大的滿足感了?!?他呼吁,“為了你們的孩子和世界上所有的孩子,我們要保護(hù)這個(gè)地球?!?/p>

第12篇 馬云哈佛大學(xué)演講

馬云哈佛大學(xué)演講

12月17日,馬云專程抵京,出席主題為“信息時(shí)代的管理”的哈佛-清華高層經(jīng)理研修講座,馬云哈佛大學(xué)演講。哈佛商學(xué)院與清華經(jīng)管學(xué)院對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)知名企業(yè)走訪調(diào)研,編制了真實(shí)鮮活的中國(guó)企業(yè)案例并選入哈佛mba管理案例庫(kù),阿里巴巴的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理實(shí)踐曾連續(xù)兩屆入選哈佛教案,并三次受到邀請(qǐng)與哈佛-清華高層經(jīng)理研修學(xué)員交流。

現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn):有90%以上的與會(huì)學(xué)員對(duì)阿里巴巴的遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)、創(chuàng)新、戰(zhàn)略、團(tuán)隊(duì)等重要指標(biāo)評(píng)了高分,有不少人甚至評(píng)了滿分。參加今年研修項(xiàng)目的學(xué)員都是來(lái)自各某種名企業(yè)的重量級(jí)人員,平均工作經(jīng)歷15年以上,公司年銷售額達(dá)52億美金。

馬云與高層經(jīng)理學(xué)員對(duì)話實(shí)錄:

馬云:阿里巴巴這兩年越做越好,這兩年變化非常大。從2001年100多名員工發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在1200多員工,會(huì)員數(shù)達(dá)到250多萬(wàn)家。無(wú)論是從綜合指標(biāo)還是單項(xiàng)指標(biāo)評(píng)定,我們?cè)谌騜2b領(lǐng)域排名中是遙遙領(lǐng)先的,第二名同行距離我們很遠(yuǎn),第二名的會(huì)員數(shù)還不到10萬(wàn)。

在贏利方面, 2002年的阿里巴巴全年目標(biāo)是贏利一塊錢(qián),今年的目標(biāo)是每天收入100萬(wàn)元人民幣,實(shí)際上,今年全年的現(xiàn)金贏利將超過(guò)1億元。

有人問(wèn),阿里巴巴做得不比任何一家上市公司差,為什么不上市?那是因?yàn)槲覀儸F(xiàn)在不急于上市,我們還要做得更加完善,把客戶服務(wù)得更好。

在未來(lái)三年,我們有這樣三個(gè)目標(biāo):第一,成為中國(guó)客戶最滿意的公司,我們從流程到戰(zhàn)略制定都圍繞客戶第一的原則,為此,我們今年把九大價(jià)值觀的第九條:“尊重與服務(wù)”改為“客戶第一”,提升為第一條價(jià)值,并定義為“客戶永遠(yuǎn)是對(duì)的”。第二,員工是第二位的,我們要做中國(guó)最佳雇主公司;第三,股東第三,從明天1月1日開(kāi)始,無(wú)論是財(cái)務(wù)、法律或是其他,公司將嚴(yán)格按排美國(guó)上市公司的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去做,阿里巴巴要做對(duì)投資者最透明的公司。

學(xué)員a:阿里巴巴與其他類似的服務(wù)企業(yè)不同,他背后沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)的支持,而是純粹的新經(jīng)濟(jì),是完全在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上建立起來(lái)的,。阿里巴巴與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手比較,優(yōu)勢(shì)是什么?

馬云:前兩年有人說(shuō):___(一家國(guó)際貿(mào)易行開(kāi)設(shè)的網(wǎng)站)一定行,因?yàn)樗袀鹘y(tǒng)行業(yè)做支撐,阿里巴巴一定不行,而且阿里巴巴上沒(méi)有完整的線下貿(mào)易鏈條,而___有完整的鏈條。但是阿里巴巴卻活下來(lái)了,那家網(wǎng)站死掉了。

阿里巴巴成功是因?yàn)槲覀冇虚L(zhǎng)期的戰(zhàn)略,與眾不同的模式,與主流不相同的運(yùn)營(yíng)者,就像微軟的成功、中國(guó)的'格蘭士微波爐的成功,他們都創(chuàng)造了全新的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式。這種創(chuàng)新的方式是現(xiàn)有的成熟大企業(yè)不用的,即使用,他也不會(huì)完全的采用,而新的企業(yè)沒(méi)有舊的套路,成功的機(jī)率會(huì)大很多。

現(xiàn)在阿里巴巴網(wǎng)上有強(qiáng)大的信息流,無(wú)論你要買(mǎi)任何東西,到阿里巴巴來(lái)你都會(huì)查到。我們?cè)诰W(wǎng)上建設(shè)了巨大的買(mǎi)方和賣(mài)方的貿(mào)易市場(chǎng),這是我們第一個(gè)模式 ,叫“相會(huì)在阿里巴巴”,商人有個(gè)心理,買(mǎi)方總是要找到最好的賣(mài)家,賣(mài)家也總是想找到最好的買(mǎi)家。

講師:對(duì)阿里巴巴的“遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)”有什么觀點(diǎn)?

學(xué)員觀點(diǎn)a:阿里巴巴的模式是創(chuàng)新的,他們看到中國(guó)有大批的制造商和國(guó)外大批的采購(gòu)商,利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息豐富的特性,首創(chuàng)了阿里巴巴模式。

馬云:阿里巴巴做得不錯(cuò),原因在于與美國(guó)等國(guó)家的b2b不同,他們是為企業(yè)省錢(qián)省時(shí)間,在中國(guó)阿里巴巴是幫助中小企業(yè)賺錢(qián)。

在任何事情開(kāi)始之前我們都要想好能為客戶帶來(lái)什么樣的價(jià)值,只有這樣才能走得長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)年我們建立這個(gè)市場(chǎng),那時(shí)我們知道中國(guó)入世是時(shí)間的問(wèn)題,不是能不能入的問(wèn)題。中國(guó)入世的頭幾年是以出口為導(dǎo)向,未來(lái)三、四年中國(guó)一定會(huì)以進(jìn)口為導(dǎo)向。我們未來(lái)的一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略是幫助中國(guó)企業(yè)進(jìn)口國(guó)外產(chǎn)品,國(guó)外的貨物能賣(mài)到中國(guó)來(lái),我更看好中國(guó)未來(lái)五年進(jìn)口的力量。

在中國(guó)企業(yè)出口服務(wù)領(lǐng)域,我們最強(qiáng)。英國(guó)首相來(lái)中國(guó)特別提出要和阿里巴巴見(jiàn)見(jiàn),日本的經(jīng)濟(jì)省把我們當(dāng)作第一合作伙伴,現(xiàn)在我們?cè)诿绹?guó)、日內(nèi)瓦的辦事處都是在和進(jìn)口商打交道。我們的模式不僅僅是中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際出口,國(guó)際向中國(guó)進(jìn)口,除此以外,我們印度對(duì)南美,美國(guó)和日本之間的貿(mào)易也會(huì)在阿里巴巴上展開(kāi)。

電子商務(wù)劃分三個(gè)階段,阿里巴巴目前做的是第一階段“信息流”,第二階段是資金流,第三是物流。在網(wǎng)上還沒(méi)建立信用之前,不會(huì)有人真正在網(wǎng)上做生意,所以我們就在網(wǎng)上建立誠(chéng)信體系。銀行現(xiàn)在正在著手進(jìn)行資金流的體系建立 ,我認(rèn)為三年之后可以嘗試在網(wǎng)上做些交易,但是現(xiàn)在不行。

如果阿里巴巴要真正解決交易的問(wèn)題,從中取得利益,首先要過(guò)誠(chéng)信這一關(guān)。沒(méi)有誠(chéng)信不會(huì)有人在網(wǎng)上做生意。所以這兩年建立誠(chéng)信是我們的主要方向。到目前為止已經(jīng)有三萬(wàn)多家企業(yè)在我們網(wǎng)站上申請(qǐng)了認(rèn)證服務(wù)。加入wto后,中國(guó)有100多萬(wàn)家企業(yè)可以或計(jì)劃出口,目前只有不到4000家企業(yè)成為阿里巴巴中國(guó)供應(yīng)商,還有很大的空間。

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比爾.蓋茨在哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的勵(lì)志演講稿尊敬的bok校長(zhǎng),rudenstine前校長(zhǎng),即將上任的faust校長(zhǎng),哈佛集團(tuán)的各位成員,監(jiān)管理事會(huì)的各位理事,各位老師,各位家長(zhǎng),各位同學(xué):有一句話…
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