- 目錄
【第1篇 高考語法復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié):定語從句
高考語法復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié):定語從句
(一)定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)
1、關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首,主句先行詞之后,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用, 同時在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分,高考語法復(fù)習(xí)四:定語從句。
e.g. she is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語)
the comrade with whom i came knows french.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語)
3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法:
1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時用who 作主語,whom作賓語;
2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個句子時用which ,可作主語或賓語;
3)先行詞為人、物時用that ,可作主語或賓語;
4)whose用作定語,可指人或物;
5)關(guān)系副詞when(指時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語,where(指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語),why(指原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語)。
(二)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句:從句與主句關(guān)系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。
e.g. i was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語從句,意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定語從句:從句對先行詞關(guān)系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號隔開,不能that用引導(dǎo)。
e.g. toms father, who is over si_ty, still works hard day and night.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,整個句子可分成兩句來翻譯)
(三)使用定語從句時特別注意的幾個問題
1、that與which的區(qū)別。
1)用that而不用 which的情況:
①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;
②先行詞有最高級修飾,有序數(shù)詞修飾;
③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;
④先行詞既有人又有物時。
e.g. there is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 沒有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
the first place that they visited in guilin was elephant trunk hill. 在桂林他們所參觀的第一個地方是象鼻山。
this is the best film that i have ever seen. 這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。
mr smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識的.唯一的外國人。
2)用which而不用 that的情況:①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;②代表整個主句的意思;③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。
e.g. he had failed in the maths e_am, which made his father very angry. 他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。
this is the room in which my father lived last year. 這是父親去年居住過的房子。
3)as引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法
①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。
e.g. i want the same shirt as my friends. 我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。
such machines as are used in our workshop are made in china. 我們車間使用的這種機器是中國制造的。
②as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as i e_pect 等。
e.g. as i e_pected, he got the first place again in this mid-term e_amination. 正如我所預(yù)料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。
3)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時與which的區(qū)別
①當(dāng)主句和從句語義一致時,用as;反之,用which來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
e.g. he made a long speech, as we e_pected.
he made a long speech, which was une_pected.
②當(dāng)非限制定語從句為否定時,常用which引導(dǎo)。
e.g. tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.
2. 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。
e.g. the man who lives downstairs speaks english fluently. 住在樓下的那個人英語說得很流利。
the students who are in grade three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定語從句有時不直接緊靠先行詞,中間由一個定語、狀語或謂語隔開。
e.g. there is an e_pression in his eyes that i cant understand.
4. 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時可以用'介詞 + which'來代替,英語語法《高考語法復(fù)習(xí)四:定語從句》。
e.g. october 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the peoples republic of china was founded.
5. 當(dāng)定語從句中謂語動詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動詞時,短語動詞的各個固定部分不要拆開。
e.g. the sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介詞在關(guān)系代詞前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介詞在句尾,關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語中也可用who,且可省略。
e.g. the man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
練習(xí)、定語從句
一、把下列每對句子合并成含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句:
1. the fan is on the desk. you want it.
2. the man is in the ne_t room. he brought our te_tbooks here yesterday.
3. the magazine is mine. he has taken it away.
4. the students will not pass the e_am . they dont study hard.
5. the woman is our geography teacher. you saw her in the park.
6. the letter is from my sister. i received it yesterday.
7. the play was wonderful. we saw it last night.
8. the train was late. it was going to nanning.
9. the boy is my brother. he was here a minute ago.
10. the tree is quite tall. he is climbing it.
11. here is the girl. her brother works in this shop.
12. thats the child. we were looking at his drawing just now.
13. this is the boy. his sister is a famous singer.
14. i want to talk to the boys. their homework havent been handed in.
15. is that the woman? her daughter is in my class.
16. he used to live in a big house. in front of it grew many banana trees.
17. they passed a factory. at the back of the factory there were rice fields.
18. the soldier ran to the building. on the top of it flew a flag.
19. in the evening they arrived at a hill. at the foot of the hill there was a temple.
20. she came into a big room. in the middle of it stood a large table.
二、根據(jù)句子意思,在第一個空白處填入介詞,在第二個填入關(guān)系代詞whom或which:
1. the person ________ ________ i spoke just now is the manager that i told you about.
2. the pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.
3. wu dong, ________ ________ i went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
4. the two things ________ ________ mar_ was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of english.
5. her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.
6. the stories about the long march, ________ ________ this is one e_ample, are well written.
三、選擇填空:
1. the man ____ visited our school yesterday is from london.
a. whob. whichc. whomd. when
2. the woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
a. whoseb. whoc. whomd. which
3. because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
a. thatb. whichc. whatd. as
4. do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?
a. whenb. where c. whichd. who
5. tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.
a. whichb. thatc. whomd. as
6. those ____ want to go please sign their names here.
a. whomb. whichc. whod. when
7. where is the man ____ i met this morning?
a. whenb. wherec. whichd. who
8. who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
a. whob. /c. thatd. when
9. the man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
【第2篇 定語從句用法總結(jié)
一、定語從句的有關(guān)概念
所謂定語從句,就是在復(fù)合句中起定語作用以修飾主句中的名詞或代詞的從句。學(xué)習(xí)定語從句,首先要弄清兩個重要概念——先行詞和關(guān)系詞。
先行詞是我們漢語中從來沒有聽過的一個新概念,它其實指的就是被定語從句所修飾的詞。由于定語從句修飾名詞或代詞時,定語從句通常是后置的,所以人們就將放在定語從句前被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
那什么是關(guān)系詞呢?其實它就是用于引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。事實上,英語中的各類從句,不管性質(zhì)如何,它們都需要有一個詞來“引導(dǎo)”,正如人們給引導(dǎo)狀語從句的詞語取了個名字叫從屬連詞一樣,人們也給引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞語取了個名字,叫它關(guān)系詞,因為它通常被放在先行詞和定語從句之間起連接作用,以表明兩者之間的修飾關(guān)系,同時它還在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
二、定語從句中關(guān)系詞與所修飾先行詞的關(guān)系
為了更好地理解定語從句,我們還有必要研究一下關(guān)系詞與先行詞之間的關(guān)系。但在研究這種關(guān)系之前,我們先來看看關(guān)系詞有哪些。
根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的作用,我們可以將關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。所謂關(guān)系代詞就是指起代詞作用的關(guān)系詞,它們在引導(dǎo)定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、賓語等,英語中比較常用的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose等。
類似地,關(guān)系副詞就是指起副詞作用的關(guān)系詞,它們在引導(dǎo)定語從句的同時,還在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語等,英語中比較常用的關(guān)系副詞只有三個,即when, where和why。
許多初學(xué)定語從句的人弄不清關(guān)系詞與先行詞之間到底是什么關(guān)系。其實啊,關(guān)系詞與先行詞之間的關(guān)系很簡單,簡單得可以劃一個等號。因為,關(guān)系詞的含義在本質(zhì)上等價于先行詞,它與先行詞指的就是同一個人或同一個事物。為便于理解,下面我們來看幾個例子吧。
i know the man who lives ne_t door. 我認(rèn)識住在隔壁的那個人。
這是一個含有定語從句的復(fù)合句。句中的the man為先行詞,who lives ne_t door為修飾the man的定語從句;在定語從句中,who是關(guān)系詞,它在定語從句中用作主語,從意義上說,它在此所表示的意思與先行詞the man等價,換句話說,上面這個句子與下面這個句子等價:i know the man. he lives ne_t door. 我認(rèn)識這個人,它就住在隔壁。
she will never forget the day when she got married. 她永遠不會忘記她結(jié)婚的這一天。
句中的the day為先行詞,when she got married為修飾the day的定語從句;在定語從句中,when是關(guān)系詞,它在定語從句中用作狀語,從意義上說,它在此與“介詞+先行詞”所表示的意思等價,也就是說上面的句子與下面這個句子等價:she will never forget the day. on that day she got married. 她永遠不會忘記這一天,在這一天她結(jié)婚了。
三、定語從句的翻譯
許多英語初學(xué)者往往弄不明白為什么引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞which不能譯為“哪一個”,who不能譯為“誰”,when不能譯為“什么時候”,where不能譯為“什么地方”,等等。
首先,我們必須要明白一點,那就是引導(dǎo)定語從句的which, who, when, where, why等是關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞),而不是疑問詞,所以不能按疑問詞的意思來理解。
前面我們講到,英語中的定語從句總是后置的,即要放在被修飾名詞或代詞之后;但在漢語中,定語通常是前置的,也就是說定語要放在被修飾名詞的前面,并通常表現(xiàn)為“……的”這樣的形式。當(dāng)我們翻譯英語中定語從句的時候,一般可以按漢語習(xí)慣,將定語從句翻譯在被修飾的名詞或代詞之前,而其中的關(guān)系詞一般就是譯成漢語中的“……的”。如:
he showed me the article that he had written. 他把他寫的文章拿給我看。
句中的that he had written為修飾名詞the article的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“他寫的文章”,其中的關(guān)系代詞that在此譯成了“的”字。
she was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在剛到的那列火車上。
句中的which arrived just now為修飾名詞the train的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“剛才到的那列火車”,其中的關(guān)系代詞which在此也譯成了“的”字。
sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是沒什么人上班的日子。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關(guān)系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
that’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 這就是我們?nèi)ツ晗奶熳〉穆灭^。
句中的when very few people go to work為修飾名詞the day的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“沒什么人去上班的日子”,其中的關(guān)系副詞when在此也譯成了“的”字。
give me one reason why we should help you. 給我舉出一個我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由。
句中的why we should help you為修飾名詞one reason的定語從句,翻譯時就可譯為“我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由”,其中的關(guān)系副詞why在此也譯成了“的”字。
當(dāng)然,我們上面介紹的是翻譯定語從句最簡單同時也是最基本的方法,由于英語句子千變?nèi)f化,定語從句的表現(xiàn)形式也靈活多樣,有些含有定語從句的句子可能用此方法翻譯會顯得別扭,但只要掌握了這個基本的方法,再加上適當(dāng)?shù)淖兺?,翻譯定語從句也就不難了。
四、定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的省略
省略關(guān)系代詞最典型的情形就是當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語的時候。在定語從句中能夠用作賓語的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom。如:
those books (that) you lent me were very useful. 你借給我的那些書很有用。
句中的(that) you lent me為修飾those books的定語從句,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作動詞lent的賓語,故可以省略。
i wore the necklace (which) my mother had left me. 我戴著我媽留給我的項鏈。
句中的(which) my mother had left me為修飾the necklace的`定語從句,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作動詞left的賓語,故可以省略。
do you still remember the boy (who, whom) i was going out with? 你還記得那個跟我約會的小伙子嗎?
句中的(who, whom) i was going out with為修飾the boy的定語從句,引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who / whom在定語從句中用作句尾介詞with的賓語,故可以省略。
注意:我們說的關(guān)系代詞的省略只限于限制性定語從句,在非限制性定語從句中,即使關(guān)系代詞用作賓語也不能省略。另外,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞直接用作介詞后作賓語時,此時也不能省略。如:
i wanted to find someone with whom i could discuss books and music. 我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
此句中的關(guān)系代詞which雖然也是用作賓語,但不能省略,因為它是直接跟在介詞with后面作賓語。但是,如果將此句改寫一下,將介詞with置于句末,則可以將關(guān)系代詞whom省略。如:
i wanted to find someone (whom) i could discuss books and music with. 我想找到一個可以和我談書和音樂的人。
五、引導(dǎo)定語從句的主要關(guān)系代詞
1. that的用法
that是所有關(guān)系代詞中最常用的,它既可指人也可指物,既可用作主語也可用作賓語。如:
this is the photo (that) i took. 這就是我拍的照片。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在此指事,且在定語從句中用作賓語,故可以省略。
they live in a house that was built 200 years ago. 他們住在一座兩百年前蓋的房子里。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在此指物,且在定語從句中用作主語,故不可以省略。
the man that i saw told me to come here. 我見到的人讓我到這里來。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在此指人,且在定語從句中用作賓語,故可以省略。
2. who / whom的用法
關(guān)系代詞who和whom均只能指人,不能指物;從理論上說,who是主格,在定語從句中用作主語;whom是賓格,在定語從句中用作賓語。但在實際運用中,除非是直接用作介詞后作賓語,否則凡是用賓格whom的地方。如:
i met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一個人,他說認(rèn)識你。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who在此指人,且在定語從句中用作主語,故不可以省略。
she is the girl (who, whom) you saw in school. 她就是你在學(xué)校見到的那個女孩。
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作賓語,從理論上說應(yīng)用whom,但也可以用who;由于是用作主語,所以它們也可以省略。
注意,如果關(guān)系代詞是直接用作介詞后作賓語,不可以用who來代替whom。如:
the girl to whom i spoke is my cousin. 我和她談話的那個姑娘是我表妹。
句中的whom直接用在介詞to的后面作賓語,故不可省略。
3. whose的用法
不要以為關(guān)系代詞whose只用于指人,其實它也可以用于指事物;whose在定語從句中主要用作定語。如:
he is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的人。
it was an island whose name i have forgotten. 這是一座島,名字我忘了。
第一句中的關(guān)系代詞whose指人,第二句中的關(guān)系代詞whose 指物。
六、引導(dǎo)定語從句的主要關(guān)系副詞
1. when的用法
關(guān)系副詞when在定語從句中用作狀語,表示時間,用以修飾表示時間的先行詞;在許多情況下可以理解為“介詞+which”的意思(which的意思與先行詞所表示的意思等價),其中的“介詞”通常應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞的含與搭配來確定。如:
1988 was the year when he was born. 1988是他的出生年。
句中的when he was born為修飾the year的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞when在此相當(dāng)于in which。表示在某一年,英語習(xí)慣上用介詞in,如in 1988, in 2008等,所以此處用in which。
i’ll never forget the day when i first met you. 我永遠不會忘記第一次見你的那天。
句中的when i first met you為修飾the day的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞when在此相當(dāng)于on which。表示在某一天,英語習(xí)慣上用介詞on,如on that day, on friday等,所以此處用on which。
don’t forget the time when the wedding will start. 不要忘記婚禮開始的時間。
句中的when the wedding will start為修飾the time的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞when在此相當(dāng)于at which。表示在某一時刻,英語習(xí)慣上用介詞at,如at that time, at the moment等,所以此處用at which。
2. where的用法
關(guān)系副詞where在定語從句中也是用作狀語,表示地點,用以修飾表示地點的先行詞;在許多情況下也可以理解為“介詞+which”的意思(which的意思與先行詞所表示的意思等價),其中的“介詞”通常應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞的含與搭配來確定。如:
what is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那個城市叫什么名字?
句中的where you live為修飾the town的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞where在此相當(dāng)于in which。表示在住在某城市,英語習(xí)慣上說明live in a city,所以此處用at which。
this cross marks the spot where she died. 這個十字符號標(biāo)明她死去的地點。
句中的where she died為修飾the spot的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞where在此相當(dāng)于at which。表示在在某一地點,英語習(xí)慣上說明at a spot,所以此處用at which。
3. why的用法
關(guān)系副詞why在定語從句中也是用作狀語,表示原因;why引導(dǎo)定語從句時,其先行詞只有一個,那就是the reason;在許多情況下why也可以理解為for which。如:
these are the reasons why we do it. 這些就是我們這樣做的理由。
句中的why we do it為修飾the reason的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞why在此相當(dāng)于for which。
do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜歡我的原因嗎?
句中的why she doesn’t like me為修飾the reason的定語從句,關(guān)系副詞why在此相當(dāng)于for which。
why是一個比較特殊的關(guān)系副詞,它引導(dǎo)定語從句時,除可換成for which外,有時也可換成that,甚至省略。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
正:the main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
正:the main reason for which he lost his job was that he drank.
正:the main reason that he lost his job was that he drank.
正:the main reason he lost his job was that he drank.
七、限制性和非限制性定語從句
根據(jù)從句與主句的關(guān)系是否緊密來區(qū)分,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。
所謂限制性定語從句,它的作用是對先行詞起修飾、限制或確定的作用,若去掉,先行詞的意思就不明確,它是不可缺少的一部分,它與先行詞的關(guān)系密不可分,不可用逗號將其分開。
而非限制性定語從句的作用則只是對先行詞起補充說明作用,它是可有可無的,與先行詞關(guān)系松散,通常用逗號將其分開。因此,有無逗號通常是區(qū)分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的重要標(biāo)志。
從所使用的關(guān)系詞來看,在限制性定語從句中,that可以代替who, whom和which等,但在非限制性定語從句中不能用that。如:
he changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意,這使我很生氣。
句中的which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,不可換成that。
then he met mary, who invited him to a party. 后來他遇到瑪麗,瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會。
句中的who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,不可換成that。
另外,關(guān)系副詞when和where既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;但關(guān)系副詞why則只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
we’ll put off the picnic until ne_t week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期,那時天氣可能會好一點。
barbary was working in aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奧伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽車去上班。
以上兩句中的關(guān)系副詞when和where均引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
八、關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞
一般說來,當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞時,其后要用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)定語從句;先行詞是表示地點的名詞時,其后要用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句。但這只是一般情況,有時會有特殊情況噢!不信你看看下面的句子:
don’t forget the time that i’ve told you. 不要忘記我告訴你的時間。
this is the house that he bought yesterday. 這就是他昨天買的那座房子。
這兩句均含有定語從句,它們所修飾的先行詞分別為the time和the house,分別為表示時間和地點的名詞,但為什么后面接的是關(guān)系代詞that,而不是關(guān)系副詞when和where呢?
要弄清這個問題,我們先來回顧一下關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法。前面我們講到,關(guān)系代詞具有代詞的功能,在定語從句中可用作主語或賓語等;而關(guān)系副詞則具有副詞的功能,它們在定語從句中只能用作狀語。所以,當(dāng)我們要判斷一個時間或地點名詞后是用關(guān)系詞that 還是關(guān)系副詞when和where時,我們首先要明確關(guān)系詞在定語從句是用作什么成分——用作主語或賓語,則用關(guān)系代詞;用作狀語,則用關(guān)系副詞。
現(xiàn)在我們再來分析一下上面的兩個句子:
在don’t forget the time that i’ve told you中,定語從句that i’ve told you之所以要用that來引導(dǎo),是因為從句中的動詞told缺賓語,tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth,所以定語從句要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。
在this is the house that he bought yesterday中,定語從句hat he bought yesterday之所以也要用that來引導(dǎo),同時是因為從句中的動詞bought缺賓語,所以定語從句也要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。
確定用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞的簡便方法是:看定語從句中是否缺少主語或賓語,若缺,用關(guān)系代詞;若不缺,用關(guān)系副詞。
【第3篇 定語從句總結(jié)內(nèi)容
定語從句總結(jié)內(nèi)容
定語從句總結(jié)內(nèi)容
定語從句(attributive clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)whose
用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
please pass me the book whose (of which) cover isgreen. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于'介詞+ which'結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和'介詞+ which'結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:
there are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
beijing is the place where (in which) i was born. 北京是我的出生地。
is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和'介詞+ which'引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
一、疑問句中考查定語從句
1. is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
a. where b. the one c. on which d. /
解析答案是d。命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類定語從句時,最好的辦法是先把疑問句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,最后確定正確答案。
二、倒裝句中考查定語從句
2. we came to a place, ________ stood a big tower.
a. which b. that c. / d. where
解析正確答案是d。為了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒裝語序。倒裝的使用使定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊,因此對于使用倒裝語序的定語從句,應(yīng)先把倒裝語序還原成正常語序,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。
三、 拆分詞組和固定搭配
3. the second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
a. of which b. where c. to do d. that
4. why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
a. which b. on which c. when d. where
解析正確答案分別是d和a。一些詞組和搭配被拆開后,句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類定語從句的.關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組:make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入語或狀語
5. the scientist has made another discovery, _______ i believe is ofgreat importance.
a. that b. / c. which d. why
解析應(yīng)選擇c。這類句子主要利用插入語或狀語的添加來增加試題的難度。常見的插入語有:i think (suppose, e_pect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類題目時,最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語或狀語,這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非謂語動詞
6. is this the man ________ you want to have ________
the radio for me?
a. who;repaired b. that;repaired
c. whom;repairing d. that;repair
解析d項正確。非謂語動詞是英語中難度較大的語法項目之一,因而在定語從句中加入非謂語動詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對付這類題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如:我們可以把幾個句子中的定語從句進行還原,還原后的句子應(yīng)是:you want to have the man repair the radio for me.
【第4篇 定語從句歸納總結(jié)
定語從句歸納總結(jié)
定語從句,一個簡單句跟在一名詞或代詞后(先行詞)進行修飾限定,就叫做定語從句。在主句中充當(dāng)定語成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。
一.幾個基本概念
1.定語從句的定義:用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置:緊跟先行詞(名詞或代詞)之后。
4.引導(dǎo)詞:引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞(包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞)。
(1)關(guān)系代詞:that/who/whom/which/as
(2)關(guān)系副詞:when/where/why
5.引導(dǎo)詞的`位置:位于定語從句之前(先行詞之后)。as除外
6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能(作用):
(1)連接先行詞和定語從句。
(2)在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語,關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語)。
7.定語從句的類型:
(1)限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間無逗號)。
① 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
the man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)
the man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
i need a pen with which i can write a letter.
=i need a piece of paper on which i can write a letter.
介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定,該介詞通常可以放在關(guān)系代詞之前,也可放在從句之尾。例如:
the man (who/whom/that) i talked about at the meeting is from beijing university.
=the man about whom i talked at the meeting is from beijing university.
the palace (which/that) i often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=the palace to which i often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
(2)非限定性定語從句(主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開)。
① 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。
② 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞(whom/which)引導(dǎo)。
i live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
there is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
this is the man to whom i gave the book.
③ 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。one, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
he has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較:he has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
we have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較:we have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句外,其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以,用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用:它只是補充說明先行詞的情況,翻譯時可譯成兩個句子。
the engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院,其腿部受了重傷)
the engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院)
3.在非限定性定語從句中,任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略(包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語在內(nèi))。指人做主語時只能用who, 做賓語時用whom;
指物做主語,賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where,也不能省略。
the man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
the woman, _______ i met yesterday, is my english teacher.
the city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
he went to america, ______ his parents live.
he joined the army yesterday, ______ i left, too.
4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句:
the house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=the house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
=the house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法
1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞,又作定語從句的主語,不能省略。
do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是賓格,在定語從句中代替先行詞,又作定語從句的賓語(動賓或介賓)。
① 當(dāng)作動賓(動詞后接賓語)時,關(guān)系代詞可省略。
do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 當(dāng)作介賓(介詞后接賓語)時:
介詞不提前時,關(guān)系代詞可省略;
介詞提前時,關(guān)系代詞不可省,即介詞+whom(指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。
the man (whom/who/that) i spoke with is my teacher.
the man with whom i spoke is my teacher.
※注:固定的動詞短語(動詞+介詞)如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開,既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。
she is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物,是所有格“…的”形式。whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語(動賓或介賓)即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了,whose不能省略。。whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
i didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (主語)
he is the student whose pencil i broke yesterday. (動賓)
the boss in whose company i work is very kind. (介賓)
4.which/that 指物,指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語(動賓或介賓)。
① 當(dāng)作動賓時,關(guān)系代詞可省略。
② 當(dāng)作介賓時:
介詞不提前時,關(guān)系代詞可省略;
介詞提前時,關(guān)系代詞不可省,即介詞+which(指物時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。
the house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
the pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
the games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
the games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom,指物用which)。
【第5篇 定語從句常見考點總結(jié)
定語從句常見考點總結(jié)
一、疑問句中考查定語從句
1.isthisthefarm________youvisitedlastweek?
a.whereb.theonec.onwhichd./
解析答案是d。
命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類定語從句時,最好的辦法是先把疑問句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?,最后確定正確答案。
二、倒裝句中考查定語從句
2.wecametoaplace,________stoodabigtower.
a.whichb.thatc./d.where
解析正確答案是d。為了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒裝語序。倒裝的使用使定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊,因此對于使用倒裝語序的定語從句,應(yīng)先把倒裝語序還原成正常語序,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。
三、拆分詞組和固定搭配
3.thesecondisconnectedwiththeuse________thebodymakesoffood.
a.ofwhichb.wherec.todod.that
4.whycan'tyourealizethepart________theyhaveplayedinourlife?
a.whichb.onwhichc.whend.where
解析正確答案分別是d和a。一些詞組和搭配被拆開后,句子的`含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類定語從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組:makeuseof,playapart(in)。
四、添加插入語或狀語
5.thescientisthasmadeanotherdiscovery,_______ibelieveisofgreatimportance.
a.thatb./c.whichd.why
解析應(yīng)選擇c。這類句子主要利用插入語或狀語的添加來增加試題的難度。常見的插入語有:ithink(suppose,e_pect,believe,imagine),inmyopinion,totellyouthetruth等。做這類題目時,最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語或狀語,這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非謂語動詞
6.isthistheman________youwanttohave________
theradioforme?
a.who;repairedb.that;repaired
c.whom;repairingd.that;repair
解析d項正確。非謂語動詞是英語中難度較大的語法項目之一,因而在定語從句中加入非謂語動詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對付這類題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如:我們可以把幾個句子中的定語從句進行還原,還原后的句子應(yīng)是:youwanttohavethemanrepairtheradioforme.
小試牛刀:
1.wasitintheshopx_______soldchildren'sclothingthatyoulostyourwallet?
a./b.wherec.thatd.when
2.thankyouforthedifficulty________youhavehadpaintingthehouse.
a.whenb./c.whyd.where
3.isthereanyonearoundthefactory________knowshowtooperatethecomputer?
a.whob.whichc.whered.inwhich
4.themanagersdiscussedtheplan________theywouldliketosee________thene_tyear.
a.that;carriedout
b.who;carriedout
c.which;carryout
d.that;carryingout
5.shewasmuchdisappointedtoseethebeautifulcloth________shehadmade________withlotsofspots.
a.which;cover
b.that;covered
c./;covering
d.where;covering